lot was sold November 27, 1921. The first street was opened and the
first store building erected the following year. From then on work
and sales progressed with such amazing speed that by 1925 the tract
which had been increased to 10,000 acres was incorporated into a city,



174 MIAMI AND D A D E COUNTY

and municipal bonds floated to install utilities and carry on improve-
ments. City mail service was inaugurated in 1926, and the same year
the Miami streetcar line was extended to the new city. Elementary
schools, a hospital, and a university were established. In five years
the place had become a self-contained community much as it is today
except that time has since given it a genuine touch of age.

The collapse of the real estate boom left Coral Gables with a
bonded debt of $8,000,000 and by 1930 defaults had exceeded $500,-
ooo. Tax delinquencies reached such a point that in order to refinance
its debts the city was forced to foreclose on thousands of building lots
for the benefit of creditors. All bonds were eventually refunded with
new issues bearing reduced interest rates and extended maturities.

Ownership of property and control of the city passed into other
hands, but Merrick, who became postmaster of Miami in 1940, was
to have the satisfaction of seeing his original plans mature. So firmly
had he established the roots of Coral Gables that when building ac-
tivities resumed the high standards that he had imposed were never
violated.



Points of Interest in Coral Gables



HE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, 515 University Dr., functions
\ in several dormitories and in two boom-time hotels of buff
stucco with red tile roofs, located about one block apart. Three
long wings of the main building form a triangle around a landscaped
patio. An observatory dome rises from the southeast corner. In
1939 the University bought the 4OO-room San Sebastian Hotel, con-
verting it into class rooms, offices and apartments. Born of the boom,
the school plays an important part in Pan-American affairs and in the
cultural life of the community. A resident faculty of 75 is aug-
mented during the year by visiting professors. Its location gives the
university an advantage in certain tropical aspects of scientific
investigation.

The university emphasizes Pan-American relations and considers
the development of its Latin-American division one of the major fea-
tures of its program. (See Education).

The school of music has developed the University of Miami Sym-
phonic Orchestra and the University of Miami Symphonic Band.

Students in Marine Zoology make weekly trips to Biscayne Bay
and nearby waters where, wearing diving hoods, they study marine
life.

LOST LAKE AND CAVERNS (open 2-6 daily: adm. 4oc),
Bird Road, are built around an abandoned rock pit. A wild duck
show, given five times daily on the hour, features "trained" mallards.
Ducks attracted from the Everglades include the hell-diver, a small
black duck with a white bill that gives it a parrot-like appearance.
"Feeding the fishes" is a favorite sport here. Visible beneath a glass-
bottom boat are varieties of fish that gobble oatmeal released from a
hopper by the vibration of the motor. The bottom of the artificial
lake is planted with fish grasses. A guide directs tourists through the
arboretum. Plants from Java, South Africa, India, Australia, China,
and South and Central America were imported through co-operation
of the British and Dutch Governments and the republics of South
America. Included among these are bo trees, sycamore fig, mango-
steen, teakwood banyan, rubber tree, fishtail palm, bauhinia tree,
fountain tree, litchi, African oil palm, sealing wax palm, and cajeput;
cactus, fish poison, and bauhinia vines.

There are Alpine rock gardens, and a number of caverns have
been excavated in the sides of a natural sinkhole. Known as Fort

175



176 MIAMI AND D A D E COUNTY

Lonesome, the sinkhole gave its name to the surrounding area and
was supposed to have been the hiding place of soldiers during the
Seminole War. In the caves are a museum and a small aquarium
with several species of gar pike native -to the Everglades. It is one
of the few surviving prehistoric vertebrates.

TROPICAL PARK RACE TRACK (open daily free except in
racing season when adm. is $i for grandstand, $3 for clubhouse), Bird
Road, was originally a dog track. In 1932 the grandstand, seating
3,500, then facing west, was reversed and the surrounding area land-
scaped at a cost of $70,000. A clipped Australian pine hedge screens
the track and the parking lot is planted with red bougainvillea. Tall
Washingtonia palms shade the ground and the clubhouse entrance is
landscaped with clipped Australian pine, royal palms, and scarlet
salvia or Mexican sage. Races are held in December and March.

The CORAL GABLES CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, An-
astasia Ave. and De Soto Blvd., is an exact replica of a church in
Mexico City. A square bell-tower, heavily ornamented with cast
stone, rises above the buff stucco walls and the red tile roof.

CATHOLIC CHURCH OF THE LITTLE FLOWER, Palermo
Avenue and Anastasia Ave. is a buff stucco building with a red tile
roof and a balcony between its two low towers. The church stands in
memory of Saint Teresa, a patron of the blind.

SAL V ADORE PARK fronting on Valencia Ave. from Columbus
to Cordova Ave. has clay and asphalt tennis courts, shuffleboard
courts, horseshoe rinks, bowling greens, area for quoits and croquet, a
children's playground and picnicking facilities. Instructors in tennis
and other games are on duty.

The VENETIAN POOL, De Soto Blvd. and Se villa Ave. (open
year round, 8-6; adm.: summer, adults 2$c,, children i$c; winter,
adults, 5 or, children, 25 c; locker, towel and suit extra), municipally
owned and operated, is a recreational development in an abandoned
rock pit, landscaped with palms, flowers, and shrubbery. There is an
artificial sand beach, and cast-concrete caverns and bridges resembling
natural stone. Lamps similar to those in Venice are mounted on
btriped poles.

CORAL GABLES CITY HALL at the intersection of Coral
Way, Biltmore Way and Le Jeune Rd., built of Key Largo limestone
in 1928, has a curved columned portico, and a square clock tower.
Atop the semicircular front is a bas-relief group carved in stone.

The CORAL GABLES LIBRARY AND COMMUNITY
HOUSE, E. Ponce de Leon Blvd. at Phoenetia Ave. (open 1-9 Mon.-
Thurs.; 9-6 Tues., Wed., Fri., Sat.), constructed by W.P.A. labor in



POINTS OF INTEREST 177

1937, is built of Key Largo limestone and consists of two one-story
buildings with red tile roofs set at right angles and connected by an
arcade patio. At the entrance are pylons, carved in bas-relief with
symbolic representations of art and science. The pilasters surround-
ing both buildings are capped with bas-relief carvings of native fishes,
birds and animals. The fountain on the northeast side of the library
has four bas-relief nudes representing four moods of the sea. The base
of the fountain has bas-reliefs picturing sea fishes and fowl. Designs
and decorations were the work of the W.P.A. Florida Art Project.

CORAL GABLES ART CENTER, 300 Avenue Alcazar (open
9-4 weekdays), is a WPA Art Project community exhibition point
and creative unit in the fields of ceramics, sculpture, and Index of
American Design.

The DOUGLAS ARCHWAY, sometimes called the Ponce de
Leon entrance to Coral Gables, stands at the point where E. Ponce de
Leon Blvd. and Douglas Rd. join the Tamiami Trail. This mottled
buff stucco arch is in the center of a building of medieval-type archi-
tecture. In both wings of the archway are apartments and studios.



Part IV
APPENDICES



CHRONOLOGY



1545 Escalante de Fontaneda, the first white man of record to traverse

Dade County, is wrecked on the Florida Keys.
1566 Whites first settle in Dade County, and Governor Pedro Menendez

de Aviles establishes the Jesuit Mission of Tequesta.
1699 The Barkentine Reformation is wrecked on the lower coast of

Florida. The adventures of the survivors supplied the basis for the

Dickenson narrative.
1743 San Ignacio Mission established.

1796 The first land grant issued in Dade County to Frankie Lewis by

the King of Spain.
1808 Land grant issued to James Eagen (Hagen) near mouth of Miami

River.

1826 The first Cape Florida lighthouse built at a cost of $15,457.
1830 Fort Dallas established by the United States Government.

1835 First Post Office in Dade County establishel on Indian Key.

1836 Dade County officially created by an Act of Legislature; Cape
Florida lighthouse burned by Indians.

1839 Dr. Henry Perrine reaches Florida Keys and locates a preparatory
nursery, December 25.

1840 Dr. Perrine massacred by Indians.

1842 Majority of Seminole sent West; remainder retreat to Everglades.

1845 Florida enters Union.

1850 All English plantations at Miami abandoned.

1870 Mail service established between Fort Dallas and Key West;
William Brickell settles in Miami; a settlement, said to be the
oldest on Biscayne Bay, made at Coconut Grove. First store opens
there.

1873 First Post Office established in Coconut Grove.

1880 Census shows 100 people in Dade County.

1882 Three New Jersey men plant coconuts on Miami Beach.

1884 First hotel in Dade County opens: Peacock Inn, Coconut Grove.

1887 First Circuit Court in Dade County convenes in the barracks of
Fort Dallas; Biscayne Bay Yacht Club organized, Coconut Grove.

1888 County seat moves from Miami to Juno.

1891 Mrs. Julia D. Tuttle settles in Miami; U. S. Plant Introduction
Bureau established on Brickell Hammock; Housekeeper's Club of
Coconut Grove founded.

1895 Henry M. Flagler first visits Miami; first subdivision, Riverside,
platted by Tatum Brothers.

1896 April, the first passenger train enters Miami on the Florida East
Coast Railway extension from West Palm Beach: Mav. the first

181



182 CHRONOLOGY

newspaper issued in Miami, The Miami Metropolis, now the Miami
Daily News; July, Miami incorporated as a city by 343 voters
with an approximate population of 1,500; October, first street
graded in Miami. The first bank established in Bade County, the
Bank of Bay Biscayne; Miami swept by a hurricane; Royal Palm
Hotel built ; Miami swept by fire.

1896-8 Churches organized: Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Catholic,
Episcopalian, First Methodist, Baptist, Methodist Episcopal.

1897 First county fair in Florida held in Miami; first tourists arrive in
Miami.

1898 Military camp for the Spanish-American War established in Miami.

1899 Dade County seat moved permanently from Juno to Miami; fire
department organized.

1900 First golf course opens in Miami; first wagon road built through
to Coconut Grove ; Flagler Public Library founded ; first Woman's
Club (kter named the Woman's Club of Miami) organized; the
first civic organization in Miami formed, Miami Board of Trade.

1903 Miami Evening Record published; changed to Miami Herald in 1910.

1904 New Year's race between launches and dories; General John B.
Gordon, youngest lieutenant-general of the Confederate Army, dies ;
Miami Choral Society gives first concert; Smith's Casino, the first
bathing pavilion, is built on Miami Beach.

1905 Miami becomes a full-fledged port with the completion of Govern-
ment Cut.

1906 Streetcar system inaugurated, July 4.

1907 First fire station constructed.

3909 Carrie Nation visits Miami; construction of City Hall; first theater
opens.

1910 Census shows 111,935 people in Dade County; first hospital opens.

1911 July: First airplane flight in Miami, pilot Howard Gill.

1912 The Florida East Coast Railway extended to Key West; Glenn H.
Curtiss establishes an airport northwest of Miami, third in the
United, States; first real estate office opened in Miami Beach.

1913 A two-mile wooden bridge completed between Miami and Miami
Beach, June 12.

1915 First municipal advertising campaign, $1,900 being raised for pub-
licity ; incorporation of Miami Beach ; ship channel from Govern-
ment Cut through the Bay.

1916 Glenn H. Curtiss establishes aviation school; Arthur Pryor's band
brought to Miami for daily concerts.

1917 Flagler Street bridge placed in operation (replacing wooden bridge) ;
Dinner Key United States Naval Aviation Base established.

1919 Coconut Grove incorporated.

1920 County Causeway opened.

1921 Commission-manager form of government adopted in Miami; first
building lots sold in Coral Gables; first broadcasting station opened
in Miami, WFAW, now WQAM ; First plat of Hialeah made and
the town named.

1923 U. S. Plant Introduction Bureau moved to Chapman Field from



CHRONOLOGY 183

Brickell Hammock; Miami Banker's Clearing House begins activ-
ities. Clearings for the first month Jan. amounted to more than
$1,000,000; steamship passenger service inaugurated between New
York and Miami; start of the Miami boom; Bayfront Park de-
veloped from a mud-flat and Biscayne Bay.

1925 Streetcar service started between Miami and Coral Gables; Vene-
tian Causeway constructed; Tahiti Beach opened; Coral Gables
incorporated ; Coconut Grove annexed to Miami.

1926 Hurricane 130-mile-an-hour wind, strikes Miami, Sept. 18; WMBF
broadcasting station opened, now WIOD ; University of Miami
opens; Miami boundaries enlarged to take in 46 additional square
miles of territory ; Venetian Islands built in Biscayne Bay.

1927 Seaboard Airline Railway reaches Miami; Coral Gables Public
Library established ; Greater Miami Airport Association formed.

1928 City Hall of Coral Gables opened; Miami's first air line established;
Pitcairn Aviation extended service from New York and Atlanta ;
name of the corporation was later changed to Eastern Air Transport,
Inc., and in 1934 to Eastern Air Lines ; Pan-American Airways serv-
ice from Miami to Havana inaugurated; National Shriner's Conven-
tion: First nonstop airplane flight from New York to Miami, Jan,
4; Tamiami Trail opened; Present court house dedicated; First All-
American Air Meet.

1929 Interocean mail and passenger line opened by Pan-American Air-
ways, Inc.

1930 Naval Reserve Base and mooring mast established at Opa Locka;
First annual International Flower Show held.

1931 Two horse racetracks opened Hialeah Jockey Club and Tropical
Park; John Tiger, one of the chief counselors of the Florida tribes,
dies; Chapman Field, which served as a base during the World
War reopened.

1933 First air-conditioned train comes into Miami; President-elect Roose-
velt speaks in Bayfront Park and attempted assassination resulting
in Mayor Cermack's death.

1934 New Federal Building dedicated; Pan-American air passenger, mail
and terminal building opened: American Legion National Convention
in Miami; Miami Beach Tribune published.

1935 Miami swept by hurricane.

1936 Dade County Centennial Celebration.

1937 Knight Templars National Convention; WKAT broadcasting sta-
tion opened at Miami Beach ; Roddey Burdine Stadium opens.
Halcyon Hotel razed; Matecumbe Memorial Monument unveiled.

1938 Overseas highway opens to Key West; first Seminole Pageant;
Fleischer movie studios open; New Post Office building dedicated
at Miami Beach; Johnnie Billy shot by Chief John Osceola.

1939 First recall election of City Commission; first tropical festival;
Diesel powered electric train service inaugurated between Miami
and New York.

1940 Busses replace streetcars ; 40 hotels built in Miami Beach.



BIBLIOGRAPHY



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Barbour, Ralph Henry

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Brevard, Caroline Mays

History of Florida from the Treaty of 1763 to Our Own Times, ed. by

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Chamberlain, John Newton

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Connor, Jeannette Thurber, tr.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185

Corse, Carita (Doggett)

Supplementary History of Florida. N. Y. Scribner, 1931. 91 p.

Cory, Charles Barney

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Cory, Charles Barney

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Cutler, Harry Gardner

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De Croix, F. W.

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Dorn, Mabel

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Everglades of Florida; Report 62nd Congress, Document No. 89. Wash-
ington, Govt. Print. Office, 1911.



INDEX



Aborigines (see Indians)
Academy of Arts, 69
Ackerly, Captain, 160
Actors and Showman's League,

69

Ada Doane (schooner), 160
Addison, John A., 49
Administration Building, 138
Advance-Courier (newspaper),

91

Advertising, 55, 59, 92
Africa, 14
Agriculture, 10, 47, 48, 50, 71,

76-77, 78
Airport, 126
Air Travel Service, 126, 127,

155

Akron (dirigible), 138
Alabama, Chief, 44
Alana, Father, 40
Alcazar Theater, 68
Alegre, Father F. X., 27, 40
All-American Air Maneuvers,

138
All-American Air Meet, 13, 101-

102

Allen, Hervey, 67
Alligators, 18, 22, 29, 129, 131,

132

Allison Island, 165