17-
-16.7
-17.8
+ I.I
-23.6
26.8
+ 3.2
-26.5
33-3
+ 6.8
12.9
-13-9
+ I.O
14.2
-14.8
+ 0.6
18.
-14-5
-15-5
+ i-o
24.2
25-5
+ 1-3
482
-41.6
- 6.6
-15.6
15-2
- 04
-17.8
-16.7
-i.i
19
-17 3
16.8
0.5
26.5
-24.6
- 1-9
-45-7
46.7
+ I.O
17.1
17.2
+ O.I
-17.6
18.9
+ 1-3
20.
22.1
20.8
- I.j
26.0
-24.6
- i-4
-39-8
45-1
+ 5-3
-17.8
18.4
+ 0.6
-19.6
-19.6
21.
20.8
23.1
+ 2.3
22. {
-24.6
+ 1.8
42-3
-36-6
5-7
-18.6
r7-3
- 1-3
-20 5
-I7-5
- 3.0
22.
^22.5
20.2
2.;
21.9
22.3
+ 0.4
20.7
25.0
+ 4-3
I3-I
I3-I
O.O
- 9.0
12.7
+ 3-7
23-
11.7
12.2
+ 0.5
I7.I
16.0
i.i
18.1
-14.5
-3-6
6.0
6.8
+ 0.8
- 7.6
- 6.4
- 1.2
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS
295
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIURNAL VARIATION IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION AT TEPI.ITZ BAY
The characteristic features of the curves, figures 5 to 19, representing the total diurnal
variation in magnetic declination for the various periods discussed are summarized in the
tabulation following. In this summary a plus sign denotes a departure to the east of the mean
value, while a negative sign denotes a departure to the west of the mean value. The epochs
of mean declination are designated I and II, the former being the passage of mean in course
of westward movement, and the latter in course of eastward movement of the needle.
Period
Principal phase
Secondary phase
Epochs
of mean
declina-
tion
Maximum
Minimum
1
Maximum
Minimum
V
to
"3
*
*
7-2
12.5
L.M.T.
Am't
L.M.T.
Am't
L.M.T.
Am't
L.M.T.
Am't
I
II
1903-1904
July (interpolated)
h
5-8
6.0
6 i
56
4-2
+44 3
+34-0
+25.1
+ 20.8
+39-2
h
19.6
19.9
20.2
21. I
21.
34.1
26.8
-19.4
-13 7
18.6
78.4
60.8
44-5
34 5
57-8
h
*
*
16.8
17.4
17.0
*
*
-8.7
39
-3-8
h
*
*
14-3
13.8
13-5
*
*
ii. 8
ii. i
-16.3
h
12.8
12.0
II. O
9-8
8.4
h
15
1.2
O.2
0-3
0.6
August (interpolated) ... ...
September (interpolated) ....
November i to November 28 ...
November 29 to December 26. .
6.2
+21.9
19.8
-13-3
35-2
16.4
- 54
12.5
IO.I
4.7
9.6
22.9
December 27 to January 23 ....
5-6
+24.0
18.0
10.8
34-8
14-2
- 2.7
II. O
13-3
10.6
8.8
0.4
January 24 to February 20
February 21 to March 19,.
5-2
7-3
5-6
5-5
5-o
54
5-7
+18.1
+14.0
+41-4
+37-4
+43-1
+54-2
+39-2
18.2
21.8
2O. 2
21.4
21. 1
19 8
20.1
H-3
- 9.9
23.0
23.1
-25.1
-47-1
27-5
29.4
23.9
64.4
60.5
68.2
101.3
66.7
14-3
18.7
17.7
18.6
20. o
*
*
2.O
2.2
II.
iS-i
'55
16.0
17.3
*
*
13.0
9.1
21.2
21.2
26 8
II.
6.9
2.1
5-5
2-3
*
8.9
10.5
IO.I
9-9
12.9
12.8
ii. 6
23.8
O.I
o.o
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.2
March 20 to April 16
April 17 to May 14
15-7
24-5
*
*
*
*
Summer mean Oct. to March .
Winter mean April to Sept. . .
Mean of year
5-4
5-6
+ 21.2
+3 -4
20.9
20.4
12.6
19.8
338
50.2
16.7
- 9.2
*
14.2
- 7-4
*
1.8
9.2
10.2
23.8
0-5
* For these intervals the secondary phases, while indicated, have their crests no longer definitely marked.
From the above it at once appears that the principal maximum and minimum of east decli -
nation occur at earlier and later times respectively than for stations in lower latitudes. The
morning extreme is reached almost always between 5 and 6 o'clock. The afternoon extreme
varies between 6 and 10 o'clock without any very systematic cycle dependent upon the
chronological order of the periods ; in the half-yearly means, however, it is earlier for the
winter season than for the summer season by about one hour. The increase in diurnal range
296 SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF ZIEGLER POLAR EXPEDITION
from winter to summer is quite pronounced. In the half-yearly means this difference in range
is quite clearly shown by the curves of figure 19, in which the October to March mean is indi-
cated by the dotted line and the April to September mean by the broken line.
In general the curves show also a secondary maximum and minimum between the two
principal extremes of day ; in several cases the minimum of this second wave exceeds the
principal western deviation in amount. As will be noted, this secondary wave is very promi-
nent in the winter season ; with the approach of the summer months it becomes less and
less pronounced until in midsummer, though still recognizable, the critical points are no
longer definitely marked. In general the time interval between the minimum and maximum
of this wave is about two and one-half hours ; it is, as a whole, earliest in midwinter, with its
center at about one-half hour past noon, from which time, with the advancing season, it is
carried forward with diminishing range until the disappearance of the crests, when its center is
at about 5 P. M. to 6 P. M. By reason of this transposition as a whole the effect is practically
eliminated in the year's mean and very greatly smoothed out in the winter's mean. These
secondary extremes are much more pronounced and of greater yearly range, though practically
of the same period as for the same feature when noted at stations in lower latitudes ; it is,
however, superimposed on the mean curve later in the day. Thus for the Girard College ob-
servations at Philadelphia, Bache* found the extremes of a similar effect for the winter at 9.7
hours and 13.2 hours, and for the summer at 10.2 hours and 13.2 hours, the seasonal ranges
being respectively 0/71 and 0/15.
The change of the epochs of mean declination with the season is very marked and, in
general, very regular, being earliest in winter at 9 hours and 23 hours and latest in summer at
13 hours and 1.5 hour local time. In the half-yearly means the epoch I is later in summer
than in winter by 2.4 hours, and epoch II by 1.4 hours. On the average for the year epoch I
is at 10.2 hours A. M., a time, which as will be seen later, agrees well with that for the same
event at stations widely distributed over the Earth.
In order to make a proper comparison of the total solar-diurnal variation in magnetic decli-
nation for the mean year at Teplitz Bay with the corresponding phenomenon for stations else-
where on the Earth, particularly in the Arctic Regions, a compilation of the mean hourly varia-
tions on the mean of year has been prepared for some twenty-four additional locations. In all
cases where the published records have been immediately available the observed means have
been taken without elimination of the so-called "disturbances" in order that the results may
be strictly intercomparable. When, as is the case for many of the stations, the mean observed
quantities do not apply to the local mean hours, the values have been plotted to scale and the
hourly values taken from the smooth curves drawn through the points plotted. The departures
from mean as shown in the tabulation are all referred to the north-seeking end of the needle |
a plus sign indicating a movement to the east and a minus sign a movement to the west of the
mean position. The words "maximum" and "minimum" are used in the sense of eastern
and western elongations respectively. The stations are arranged in the decreasing order of
northerly magnetic inclination for the purpose of bringing out clearly the relation between
magnetic dip and range of the diurnal variation in declination. The geographical positions,
series of observations from which results are taken, the mean dips over the periods of observa-
* Discussion of the magnetic and meteorological observations made at the Girard College Observatory,
Philadelphia, in 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, and 1845, by A. D. Bache. Part II. Smithsonian Contributions
to Knowledge. Washington, June, 1862.
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS
297
tiou, as also the approximate corresponding mean sun-spot frequencies according to Dr. Wolf
and Professor Wolfer,* are as follows :
Number
Station
Latitude
Longitude
east of
Greenwich
Magnetic
inclina-
tion
Magnetic
latitude
Observations
Approximate
mean sun-spot
frequency
I
2
Fort Conger, Grinuell Land. .
Kingua Fjord, Cumberland
Sound
/
8r 44 N
66 36 N
/
295 16
292 41
/
85 oi N
8-j si N
/
80 06 N
77 SO N
Aug., 1882, to July, 1883
Oct 1882 to Sept 1883
59
60
3
t\
Teplitz Bay, Rudolph Island. .
Ssagastyr, Siberia
81 47 N
73 23 N
5809
126 36
83 12 N
8-i, oq N
76 35 N
76 2Q N
Oct., 1903, to June, 1904. . .
Jan 1883 to Dec 1883
(80)
64
5
Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake,
Canada
62 v> N
244 46
82 54 N
76 oi N
Oct 1882 to Sept 1883
60
f,
Ooglaamie, Alaska
71 18 N
203 20
81 24 N
7* 10 N
Sept 1882 to Aug 1883
60
7
8
Cape Thordsen, Spitzbergen. .
Jan Mayen Island
78 28 N
71 oo N
15 42
-ici -22
80 27 N
7Q OO N
71 24 N
68 45 N
Sept., 1882, to Aug., 1883. . .
Sept 1882 to July 1883
60
60
9
10
Karmakul Bay, Novaia Zemlia.
Bossekop, Norway
72 23 N
6q 58 N
52 42
27. I<\
78 43 N
76 26 N
68 15 N
6/1 14 N
Oct., 1882, to Aug., 1883....
Aug 1882 to July 1883
60
so
ii
Sitka, Alaska
C7 o* N
224. 4O
7c cc tJ
61 21 N
(60)
I?
Toronto, Canada
4"* ^Q N
280 36
75 15 N
62 14 N
July 1842 to June 1848
CI
17
Sodankla, Finland
67 24 N
26 36
74 48 N
6 1 29 N
Sept 1882 to Aug 1883
60
'4
15
Ekaterinburg, Siberia
De Bilt, Netherlands
56 49 N
52 06 N
60 3 8
c i r
70 39 N
66 51 N
54 55 N
40 28 N
Jan., 1893, to Dec., 1893
83
(60)
16
i?
T8
Los Angeles, United States.. . .
Key West, United States
Zi-ka-wei, China
34 03 N
24 33 N
31 12 N
241 45
278 12
121 36
59 3o N
54 32 N
At: A2 N
40 20 N
35 04 N
27 08 N
Oct , 1882, to Oct., 1889 ....
March, 1860, to March, 1866.
36
57
dol
TO
Colaba, India
18 54 N
72 4Q
21 30 N
ii 09 N
fiol
20
St. Helena Island ...
is 57 S
7CJ 2O
21 5Q S
ii 25 S
,8
21
22
2 3
24
Buitenzorg, Java
South Georgian Island
Cape of Good Hope, Africa
Mauritius Island
6 IT S
54 31 S
33 56S
20 06 S
106 50
324 oo
18 29
C7 -37
3 33 S
48 588
53 21 S
16 27 S
29 53 S
33 54 S
7C 0-1 S
Jan., 1904, to Dec., 1904. . . .
Sept , 1882, to Aug., 1883 . .
April, 1841, to June, 1846. . .
Jan 1883 to Dec 188^
(80)
60
29
64
75
Hobarton, Tasmania
42 52 S
147 28
70 ^6 S
Mr I S
Jan 1841 to Sept 1848
The references for each of the above series are as follows :
Fort Conger, Grinnell Land International Polar Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grin-
nell Land, by Lieut. A. W. Greely. (Volume 2, reduction of magnetic observations by C. A.
Schott.) Washington, 1888.
*As collected and plotted by Mr. W. Ellis in his paper on the relation between diurnal range of magnetic
declination and horizontal force and solar spots (Proceedings of the Royal Society. Volume 63, pp. 64-78).
The values after 1896 are exterpolations based on Mr. Ellis' curves ; these are indicated by enclosure in paren-
theses.
298 SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF ZIEGLER POLAR EXPEDITION
Kingua Fjord, Cumberland Sound Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1882-1883; die
Beobachtungs-Ergebnisse der Deutschen Stationen, Band I, Kingua Fjord. Herausgegeben
von Prof. Dr. G. v. Neuraayer und Prof. Dr. C. Borgen. Berlin, 1886.
Teplitz Bay, Rudolph Island The present reductions.
Ssagastyr, Siberia Beobachtungen der Russischen Polarstation an der Lenamiindung ;
astronomische und maguetische Beobachtungen 1882-1884, bearbeitet von V. Fuss, F. Mu'ller,
und N. Jurgens. Herausgegeben unter Redaction von Dr. A. v. Tillo. 1895.
Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, Canada Report of Superintendent of the United States Coast
and Geodetic Survey for 1890; Appendix No. 9, by C. A Schott. Washington, 1891.
Ooglaamie, Alaska Report of Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey ; Appendix No. 13, by C. A. Schott. Washington, 1891.
Cape Thordsen, Spitsbergen Observations faites au Cap Thordsen, Spitzberg, par 1' Expe-
dition Su6doise ; tome 1 : 4, magnetisme terrestre, par E. Solander. Stockholm, 1888.
Jan Mayen Island Die Osterreichische Polarstation Jan Mayen ; Beobachtungs-Ergeb-
nisse. II Band, II Abtheilung. Magnetische Beobachtnngen auf Jan Mayen 1882-1883,
bearbeitet von Linienschiffs-Lieutenant August Gratzl.
Karmakul Bay, Novaia Zetnlia Beobachtungen der Russischen Polarstation auf Nowaja
Semlja ; Theil I, magnetische Beobachtungen, bearbeitet von K. Andrejeff. Herausgegeben
unter Redaction von R. Lenz. 1891.
Bossekop, Norway Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882-1883 ; Beobachtungs-Ergeb-
nisse der Norwegischen Polarstation Bossekop in Alten, herausgegeben von Aksel S. Steen.
II Theil. Erdmagnetismus und Nordlicht. Christiania, 1888.
Sitka, Alaska Same reference as Ooglaamie, Alaska.
Toronto, Canada Observations made at the magnetical and meteorological observatory at
Toronto, in Canada. Volume II. (Abstract of the observations to 1848 by Colonel Edward
Sabine.) London, 1853.
Sodankla, Finland Exploration Internationale des regions Polaires, 1882-1883 et 1883-
1884 ; Expedition Polaire Finlandaise ; tome II, magnetisme terrestre, par Selim Lemstrom et
Ernest Biese. Helsingfors, 1887.
Ekaterinburg, Siberia Die Beobachtungen des meteorologischen und magnetischen Ob-
servatoriums zu Katharinenburg im Jahre 1893, herausgegeben von H. Abels. Ekaterinburg,
1894.
De Bilt, Netherlands Koninklijk Nederlandsch Meteorologisch Institut ; Jaarboek, 1903,
B, Aard-magnetisme. Utrecht, 1905.
Los Angeles, United States Same reference as Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, Canada.
Key Wesi, United States Same reference as Los Angeles, United States.
Zi-ka-wei, Chin* Observatoire magn clique et mete'orologique de Zi-ka-wei (Chine);
bulletin des observations ; tome XXVII, annde 1901. Shanghai, 1903.
Coldba, India Magnetical, meteorological, and seismological observations made at the
Government Observatory, Bombay, in the years 1900 and 1901, under the direction of N. A.
F. Moos, B. Sc., F. R. S. E. Bombay, 1903.
St. Helena Island Observations made at the magnetical and meteorological observatory
at St. Helena. Volume II. (Discussion of observations by Major- General Edward Sabine.)
London, 1860.
Buitenzorg, Java Observations made at the Royal magnetical and meteorological observa-
tory at Batavia, by Dr. W. van Bemmelen, Acting Director. Batavia, 1906.
South Georgia Island Die Internationale Polarforschung ; Beobachtungs-Ergebnisse der
Deutschen Stationen, Band II, Sud-Georgien. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. G. v. Neumayer
und Prof. Dr. C. Borgen. Berlin, 1886.
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS
299
Cape of Good Hope, Africa Observations made at the magnetical and meteorological ob-
servatory at the Cape of Good Hope. Volume I. (Abstracts of the observations by Lieut.-Colonel
Edward Sabine.) London, 1851.
Mauritius Island A discussion of the results obtained from the self-recording magneto-
meters at the Royal Alfred Observatory, Maritius, from 1875 to 1890, under the direction of
C. Meldrum, M. A., L. L. D., F. R. S., edited by T. F. Claxton, F. R. A. S. Mauritius, 1899.
Hobarton, Tasmania Observations made at the magnetical and meteorological observatory
at Hobarton, in Van Diemen Island. Volume I. (Abstracts of the observations by Lieut.-Colonel
Edward Sabine.) London, 1850.
3 oo
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF ZIEGLER POLAR EXPEDITION
Tabulation of the mean yearly total solar-diurnal variation in magnetic
[Eastern deflection of north-seeking end from mean is indicated by a plus sign ;
declination at various
western deflection by a
stations
minus sign.]
ll
nl
ll
1"
I Fort Conger,
Grinnell Land
2 Kingua Fjord,
Cumberland Sound
||
"5,0,
il
4 Ssgastyr,
Siberia
V
d
P^ u
|a
i "*"*
10 t>
o
6 Uglaamie,
Alaska
7 Cape Thordsen,
Spitzbergen
T)
g
>-4
a
c
a
9 Kannakul Bay,
Novaia Zeinlia
10 Hossekop,
Norway
ii Sitka,
Alaska
12 Toronto,
Canada
13 Sodanklu,
Finland
h
/
/
,
,
,
,
,
,
/
/
/
,
,
i
+38.7
+ 11.7
+ 3-i
- 6.2
II.O
II. 2
-i 1.8
+ 7-0
+ 11. 8
+ 8.7
+ 0.2
+ 0.6
+ 5-1
2
+36.2
+ 15-8
+ 9-8
+ 0.7
- 6.6
- 3-3
+ 6.2
+ 10.7
+ 12.8
4- 9-7
+ I.O
+ 0.5
+ 4-8
3
4-33-2
+ 18.0
+ I7-I
+ 6.7
+ 0.8
+ 3-9
+ 10.7
+ 13-8
+ H-4
+ 9-9
+ 1.4
+ 0.8
+ 4-7
4
+29-4
+ 19.1
+23-9
+ n. 6
+ 7-4
+ 7-9
+ 16.2
+ 15-6
+ 95
+ 8.7
+ 2.0
+ 1-2
+ 4-4
5
+24-7
+ 19-3
+29-4
+ 13-9
+ 13-6
+ 15-4
+ 22.2
+ 15-0
+ 7-4
+ 6.0
+ 2. 9
+ i.S
+ 4-0
6
+ 18.6
+20. i
+30.1
+ 14-3
+21.0
+ 22.1
-f25-3
+ 11. 2
+ 5-6
+ 4-2
+ 4-2
+ 2.7
+ 3-2
7
+ 8.6
+ 19-9
+24-9
+ 13-2
+26.2
+ 26.9
+ 22. 3
+ 7-8
+ 4-9
+ 3-i
+ 5-3
+ 3-5
+ 2.6
8
- 0.5
+ 17-4
+ 16.9
+ 9-7
+ 29-4
+ 26.3
+ 17.0
+ 5-7
+ 2.5
+ 1.8
+ 6.0
+ 3-8
+ 2.1
9
I2.I
+10.8
+ 7-7
+ 4-3
+ 25-5
+2O. I
+ H-4
+ 3-0
+ i-3
+ 0.7
+ 5-3
+ 3-0
+ 1.6
10
23.2
+ 3-7
+ i.i
+ 1-3
+ 16.8
+ 7-4
+ 6.9
+ 2.0
0.2
0.6
+ 3-0
+ 0.8
+ 0.7
ii
37-9
+ i-3
- 2.6
- 1.8
+ 8.0
- I.O
+ 4-3
0.0
- 2.0
- 2.9
+ 0.6
2.0
- i-7
12
43-1
- 9.0
- 4-9
4-1
0.9
- 6.5
+ 2.O
- 2.3
- 4-3
- 5-2
- 2.1
- 4-2
- 4.0
13
-Si.i
15-1
- 6.5
- 5-3
- 4.0
- 7-4
- 0.5
- 4-3
- 7-3
- 6.8
- 3-2
- 5-0
- 5-8
14
50-8
21.2
- 9.6
- 5-9
- 8.1
- 7-6
6.2
6.0
- 9-9
- 7-6
- 4-2
- 4-8
~ 6.5
15
46.1
20.4
11.9
5-9
10.6
- 7-9
9-9
- 7-o
ii-5
- 7-9
- 4-6
-3-8
- 6.4
16
-34-2
20.6
-12.9
- 5-3
-"3
- 9.6
12. 1
8.2
1 1. 4
- 7-6
- 4-6
- 2.5
- 5-4
17
-19-9
-23.6
14.0
3-7
12. 1
9-9
14-3
10.4
10.8
7-4
- 2.8
i-3
- 4-8
18
-4-i
- 19-4
15-7
2.4
-I2. 9
- 9-7
-16.5
13-1
- 9-5
6.0
- 3-2
- 0.3
- 3-0
19
+ 3-1
16.1
-17.8
1.9
-12.5
8.0
-18-3
14.2
8.0
- 6.6
- 2.4
+ 0.2
- 2.8
20
+ 13-
'5-5
-19.6
2.3
II.O
- 6.1
19.8
13-4
6.0
- 5-3
- 1.4
+ 0.7
1.8
21
+ 19.0
- 8.8
19.1
- 5-o
I2.O
- 8.7
-19.4
10. 1
3-2
- 1.6
- 0.8
+ 1-2
+ I.O
22
+27.3
- 0.6
-15-6
- 7-3
II.9
-10.5
15-4
- 5-3
+ i.o
+ O.I
- 0.4
+ 1-3
+ I.O
23
+35-3
+ 3-9
IO.2
- 9.1
-II.9
- 8.9
10.0
- 1-5
+ 6.0
+ 5-3
0.6
+ 1-2
+ 2.8
24
+35-9
+ 9-2
-3-6
9-5
12.0
-13-7
3-9
+ 4-o
+ 9-9
+ 7-3
- 0.6
+ 0.8
+ 4-2
1 !!
S ( Amount . .
0.7 H
+39- 'o
5-9 H
+ 20/2
56H
+30/5
5-5 H*
+ U/3
8.1 H
+29/5
7-3 H
+ 27- '4
4.8 H
+25/6
4-3 H
+ 15/6
T-I2/8
2.7 H
4 9- '9
8.2 H
+ 6/1
7.8 H
+ 3/9
1.3 H
+ 5/2
30 f L. M. T . .
.S S \
13.4 H
I6.8H
20. 4 H
23-7H
I&-3H
0.3 H
19.4 H
19- 3 H
15-7 H
15-0 H
15-4 H
13-3 H
14.4 H
S H ( Amount .
Total observed
range
52/0
QI r O
-23- '7
A\ / Q
-19/7
en '2
- 9/7
24. 'o
-13/0
42 '*.
-13/9
/IT 'i
2O/O
4 c If.
-14/3
2Q 'o
I2/O
24/8
- 8/0
17 'o
-4/7
10/8
- 5/2
Q 'i
6/6
n/8
Calculated range. .
^7 .
85/3
4j- y
56/7
O*-u ^
5. '3
46/1
4^- o
43/2
4*. 3
30/0
Qo-
24/8
^y. y
19/2
1 8/4
1 / V
13/3
12/5
7- L
10/9
II/l
Summer range, S. .
100/4
45/r
66/7
29/0
...
45/8
54/7
33- 'o
30- '5
20/8
11/9
13/6
Winter range, W..
Ratio S ..
80/7
I 2A.
42/7
i. 06
33- '8
T O7
19/7
T A T
...
38/4
IT O
36/6
T AQ
26/8
T IT.
21/4
T A T
15/1
i 18
6/5
i 81
10/9
1-y c
W
* * l \
7 qH
II. 2 H
*'9i
1O.2 H
'47
IO.2 H
11.9 H
T 9
IO Q H
1.49
11.7 H
*-*3
II. oH
'43
Q Q H
1.30
9.6 H
II. 2 H
1.03
TO i H
*0
10.3 H
w s-Sgj"
/ "7 *
18.5 H
22.2 H
0.5 H
1.9 H
2.9 H
2.4 H
23- 7 H
23. i H
y.y ra
21.8 H
22.0 H
0.7 H
L '- J -J XA
18.5 H
20. 7 H
*At this station a pronounced second maximum and minimum at 19.3 H and 14.6 H of 1/8 and 6/0 respectively.
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS
301
Tabulation of the mean yearly total solar-diurnal variation in magnetic declination at various stations
[Eastern deflection of north-seeking end from mean is indicated by a plus sign ; western deflection by a minus sign.]
Local mean time,
civil reckoning
14 Ekaterinberg,
Siberia
15 De Bilt,
Netherlands
16 Los Angeles,
United States
IJ5
||
z
II
f
19 Coldba,
India
20 St. Helena Island
21 Buitenzorg,
Java
22 South Georgia
Island
23 Cape of Good
Hope, Africa
24 Port Louis,
Mauritius Island
25 Hobarton,
Tasmania
h
/
/
/
/
,
,
,
/
/
,
,
,
i
+ l.o
+ 0.9
o.o
0.0
+ 0.1
+ o.i
+ o.i
o.o
0.8
+ 0.5
o.o
- l.o
2
+ 0.9
+ 2.8
+ O.I
0.0
+ o.i
f O.I
+ O.I
+ 01
- I
+ 0.5
0.0
- 0.7
3
+ 0.9
+ 0.8
+ 0.2
+ 0.1
+ 0.2
0.0
+ O.I
+ 0.2
~ 1.2
+ 0.5
0.0
- 0.5
4
+ I
+ l.o
+ 0.3
+ 0.2
+ 0.2
0.0
o o
+ 0.2
- i 4
+ 0.4
- O.I
- 0.4
5
+ 1.3
+ 1-5
+ 06
+ 04
+ 0.2
o.o
+ O.I
+ O.I
- 1-4
+ 0.4
- O.I
- 0.7
6
+ i-9
+ 2.0
+ 1-3
+ i-o
+ 0.5
+ 0.4
+ 0.4
+ o.i
-..5
+ 0.3
- 0.2
- I.I
7
+ 3-0
+ 24
+ 2.4
+ 2.1
+ I.O
+ 0.8
+ O.I
0.4
- 1.6
o.o
- 0.6
2.0
8
+ 3-6
+ 2.7
+ 3-1
+ 5
+ 1.7
+ i.i
- 0.8
- 1-3
- 2.3
- I.O
- 1.6
- 3-0
9
+ 3-7
+ 2.0
+ 2.6
+ 2.2
+ 1.8
+ 0.7
- i.i
- 1.8
- 2.6
2.2
- 2.6
- 3-5
10
+ 2.6
+ i.i
+ LI
+ LI
o.o
- 0.8
- 1.8
2.0
- 2.8
- 2-7
2.8
ii
+ 0.5
2.6
- 0.8
- 0.2
O.I
- 0.8
+ 0.2
- 1.2
- 0-5
- 2.2
- i-9
- 0.9
12
- 2.0
- 4-5
- 2.2
- i.4
- i-3
- 1.2
+ 0.8
- 0.3
+ 1.6
- 0.8
O.I
+ 1-4
13
- 4-2
- 5-0
- 2.7
2.1
- 1-7
- I.O
+ 0.7
+ 0.5
+ 3-1
+ 0.4
+ 15
+ 3-6
'4
- 5-i
- 4-3
- 2.6
- 2.2
- 1.6
- 0.5
+ 0.4
+ i-o
+ 3-7
+ 1.3
+ 2.7
+ 4-7
15
- 4-8
- 2.8
2.0
- 1-9
- i.i
O.I
o.o
+ 1.4
+ 3-5
+ 1-3
+ 2.9
+ 4.6
16
- 3-6
- i-5
- I.I
- 1-3
0.5
+ 0.2
- 0.4
+ i-3
+ 2.4
+ I.O
+ 2.3
+ 3-5
17
2.1
- 0.4
0.5
- 0.8
o.o
+ O.2
0.6
+ 0.9
+ 15
+ 0.4
+ I.I
+ 2.2
18
- 0.9
o.o
0.2
- 0.4
o.o
O.O
- 0.4
+ 0.5
+ i.o
+ 0.2
+ O.2
+ 1.2
19
- 0-3
+ 0.3
0.0
0.2
O.I
- O.I
o.i
+ 0.4
+ 0.5
+ O.2
O.O
+ 0.5
20
0.0
+ I.O
0.0
+ O.I
O.I
- O.I
+ o.i
+ O.2
+ 0.4
+ O.2
o.i
O.2
21
+ 0.3
+ 1.2
+ 0.1
-f 0.2
- o.i
- O.I
+ 02
+ O.I
+ 0.2
+ 0.3
0.2
- 0.8
22
+ 0.5
+ 1-3
+ 0.1
+ 0.2
- O.I
00
+ 0.3
O.O
- 0.4
+ 0.3
0.2
- 13
23
+ 0.8
+ i.S
+ o.i
+ 0.2
- o.i
0.0
+ 0.3
O.I
- 0.5
+ 0.4
O.2
- 1.5
24
+ i.o
+ 1-3
0.0
+ O.I
0.0
+ O.I
+ 0.2
o.o
- 0.7
+ 0.4
- O.I
- 1.4
53 B (L M T
8.6 H
8.2 H
8.1 H
8.2 H
8 7H
8.1 H
12. 4 H
15.3 H
14 4 H
14.8 H
IS T H
14 4 H
g g [ Amount ....
+ 3/8
+ 2/7
+ 3/1
+ 2/5
*" / **
+ 1/8
+ i/i
+ 0/8
**T**T **
+ 3/7
O*O
+ 2/6
H**T **
+ 4/8
- a f L M T
14.2 H
12.9 H
13.2 H
13 6 H
'3 3 H
ii. 9H
9.2 H
9-5 H
9.2 H
10.0 H