433
INDEX.
Shalmaneser II., 179 ; his war
and reconciliation with Ahba-
of Israel, 180 ; defeats Ahab in
a second war, 182 ; murdered,
and succeeded by Hazael, 183.
Benhadad III., king of Damascus,
son and successor of Hazael,
defeats and humiliates Judah,
227-228.
Berytus, modern Beyrout, one of
the Phoenician cities, 78.
Beth-Togarmah, see Togarmah.
Beyrout, see Berytus.
Bhryges, see Phrygians.
Bikni, Mount, in eastern Media,
unidentified, 225, 338, 354.
Bit-Dayaukku, a Median princi-
pality, 420.
Bit-Khumri (House of Omri),
name given by the Assyrians
to the kingdom of Israel gen-
erally, 182-183.
Bit-Yakin, princes and leaders in
Chaldea, 172; Merodach Ba-
ladan, prince of, 237 ; subdued
by Esarhaddon, 334"335 \ b Y
Asshurbanipal, 406.
Boghaz-Keui in Cappadocia, Hit-
tite rock-sculptures at, 364.
Burna-Buriash, Babylonian king
of the Cossaean dynasty, 20.
Byblos, see Gebal.
C.
Canaanites, their dispersion prob-
ably caused by the shock of the
Elamitic invasion, 71 ; early
populations found by" them,
73 ; their sensuous and mate-
rialistic character reproduced
in their religion, 103-104; its
dualism, 105-108 ; its connec-
tion with the Babylonian relig-
ion, 105, 107 ; their peculiar
nature, both sensuous and san-
guinary, 129-136; orgiastic
character of their festivals,
131-132; their child-sacrifices,
Cappadocia, a country on the
Upper Euphrates, 333-337 ;
rich in Hittite remains, 364.
Carisbrooke Castle, in the Isle
of Wight, built on the site of
a Phoenician tin-station, 91.
Carmel, Mount, 78=
Carthage (Kart-Hadascht),Tyrian
colony", 133 ; child-sacrifices at,
I34-I35.
Cassiterides, see " Tin-Islands."
Caucasian Gates, the great pass
of the Caucasus, 383 ;
Chinziros, see Ukinzir.
Chaldeans proper see Kaldu.
Cilicia, a country of Asia Minor,
raid of Shalmaneser II, into,
178.
Cimmerians (Assyrian Gimirrai,
Hebrew Gomer), first appear-
ance of, 337 ; their principal
seat in the south of Russia,
359 ; pass into Thrace, retreat-
ing before the Scythians, 359 ;
into Asia Minor, across the
Bosphorus, 360; destroy Si-
nope, 369 ; rule and plunder
Asia minor for over a hundred
years, id. ; distress Gyges, king
of Lydia, 377-380 ; sack Sar-
dis, 382.
Clermont-Ganneau, the discov-
erer of the Stele of Mesha, the
Mpabite, 216, note.
Cosmogony, Phoenician, 140.
Cossaeans, see Kasshi.
Crete, Greek island colonized by
Phoenicians, 86 ;
Crimea, Russian peninsula, 360.
Cyprus (Assyrian Yatnan, He-
brew, Kittim), Greek island,
colonized by Phoenicians, 86;
seven kings of, pay tribute to
Sargon, 277 ; ten to Esarhaddon,
339-
D.
Dadidri, see Benhadad II.
Dagon, the Philistine fish-god;
his temple at Ascalon, 114-
115, 150.
INDEX.
439
Dalta, king of Ellip ; his loyalty
to Assyria, 265-266 ; death
and disputed succession of, 278.
Damascus, the Aramaean capital ;
its importance and duration, 56 ;
besieged by Shalmaneser II.,
184; taken by Tiglath-Pileser
II., 232; rises against -Sargon,
255.
Danube (river), ancient Ister,
360.
David, king of the Jews, the de-
liverer of his people and real
founder of a national monarchy,
151 ; builds Jerusalem, 152.
Dead Sea, its low level, 42 ;
Deiokes, the reputed founder of
the Median kingdom, 419-421 ;
probable identity of the name
with the Assyrian Dayaukku,
420;
Derketo, the Philistine fish-god-
dess, a form of Ashtoreth,
in; her temple at Ascalon,
ib. ; her companion, the fish-
god, Dagon, 114; mother of
the mythical Semiramis, 196.
Dhutmes III., the Egyptian con-
queror, 21 ; wins the battle of
Megiddo, 27 ; receives tribute
from Assyria, 28;
Dibon, capital of Moab, 213.
Dilmun, king of, sends tribute to
Sargon, 277.
Djebel, see Gebal.
Dniester, ancient Tyras, a river
of Russia, 363.
Don, ancient Tanais, a river of
Russia, 359.
Dualism, a conspicuous feature
of the Canaanitic religions,
106-108.
Dur-Sharrukin, founded by Sar-
gon, 280-283; buildings, walls
and gates of, 283-285 ; artistic
decoration of, 285-287 ; mixed
population of, 288-289.
Dur-Yakin, the capital of Bit-
Yakin, 274 ; taken by Sargon,
275-
E.
Ea, god, one of the great Assyro-
Babylonian Triad, 17.
Edom, king of, pays homage to
Esarhaddon, 340.
Egbatana (Ecbatana, Agbatana,
Hagmatana, modern Hama-
dan), capital of Media, 355;
fabulous legend of its founda-
tion by Semiramis, 198 ; re-
ported to have been built by
Deiokes, 420.
Egypt, her long seclusion, 21-22;
is conquered by the Shasus or
Hyksos, 24 ; her conquests and
wars in Asia, 26-31 ; her reviv-
al, after a long period of de-
cadence, under the Ethiopian
dynasty, 242; invaded by
Esarhaddon, 342-344; by As-
shurbanipal, 373~377 '> shakes
off the yoke of Assyria under
Psammetik, 395.
Ekron, one of the five Philistine
cities, 150; seat of the worship
of Baal-Zebub, ib. ; dethrones
its king, Padi, and revolts
against Assyria, 304.
Elamitic invasion, a momentous
turning-point in ancient Ori-
ental history, 72.
Elijah, Hebrew prophet, taunts
the priests of Baal, 116.
Elishah, the Biblical name for
parts of Greece, 212-348.
Elissa, the foundress of Carthage,
211.
Eltekeh, see Altaku. -
Emim, a pre-Canaanitic people of
Palestine, 72.
Ephesus, originally Hittite city in
Ionia, 364 ; the great sanctu-
ary of Atargatis at, 365-366.
Eponym Canon, or table of Lim-
mus; its uses in chronology,
147.
Eran, or Iran, collective name
of all the countries, inhabited
by Eranian nations, and of
440
INDEX.
those nations themselves, 352 ;
opposed to Turan, 353.
Esarhaddon (Asshur-akhi-iddin),
king of Assyria, son and suc-
cessor of Sennacherib, 331-346 ;
makes war against his brothers,
333-335 ; receives favorable
oracles from Ishtar of Arbela,
333 ; subdues Bit-Yakin, 334-
346; rebuilds Babylon 336;
leads an expedition into " distant
Media," 337 ; repels the Gimir-
rai (Cimmerians) in the north,
ib. ; his Arabian campaign,
337-339 ; chastises Sidon and
some districts of Syria, 339 ;
receives homage and tribute
from twenty-two kings at Nine-
veh* 339~34 > builds a great
palace at Nineveh, 341 ; quells
a revolt in Syria, 341-342 ; his
Egyptian campaign, 342-344;
his abdication in favor of his
son Asshurbanipal, 345 ; ap-
points his other son, Shamash-
Shumukin, viceroy of Babylon,
346; dies, ib.
Eshmun, the Eighth Kabir, 143.
Ethiopian dynasty in Egypt,
founded by Shabaka, 242 ; end
of, under Taharka's successor,
375-
Eulaeos, see Ula'i.
Ezekiel, the prophet, his descrip-
tion of Tyre, 95 ; his prophe-
sies, 424, 425, 430, 431.
F.
Fravartish, see Phraortes.
G.
Gades (Cadiz), foundation of, by
the Phoenicians, 68, 90.
Gagi (Gog), a Scythian chief, cap-
tured, 384.
Gath, one of the five Philistine
cities, 150.
Gaza, one of the five Philistine
cities, 150; king of, does hom-
age to Esarhaddon, 340.
Gebal, Greek Byblos, modern
Djebel, one of the great Phoeni-
cian cities, 78 ; its priestly char-
acter, 139; seat of the worship
of Adonis, 141 ; king of, does
homage to Esarhaddon, 340.
Gibil, the fire-god, absent from
Assyrian pantheon, 16.
Gimirrai. see Cimmerians.
Gog, see Gagi.
Gomer, see Cimmerians.
Goshen, land of, given to Jacob
and his sons, 23.
Gozan, a portion of Mesopota-
mia, 249.
Gugu, king of Ludi, see Gyges,
king of Lydia.
Gyges, king of Lydia (Assyrian
Gugu), sends an embassy to As-
shurbanipal to entreat his aid
against the Cimmerians, 378,
379; conspires with Psammetik
against him, 380; perishes in
the struggle against the Cim-
merians, ib.
H.
Habor, see Khabour.
Hadidri, see Benhadad II.
Hagmatana, see Egbatana.
Haldi, the "great god" of the
Alarodians, 263, 264.
Hamadan, see Egbatana.
Hamath, Hittite kingdom in Syria,
179; a member of the Syrian
league against Shalmaneser II.,
ib.; rises against Sargon, 255.
! Hazael (Khazailu), a Syrian officer
murders Benhadad II. and suc-
ceeds him, 183; is defeated by
Shalmaneser II., 184.
Herodotus, the Greek historian,
108, 354, 359, 362, 417, 419, 422.
Hezekiah (Hizkia), King of Judah,
abstains from conspiring against
Assyria, 254 ; his sickness, 270 ;
his wealth, ib. ; receives Mero-
dach Baladan's embassy, 271;
INDEX.
44I
his imprudence, ib.; openly re-
volts against Sennacherib, 304 ;
submits and sends tribute, 306 ;
is delivered from the Assyrian
army, 307-310.
Hincks, Dr., one of the decipher-
ers of Tiglath-Pileser's cylin-
der, 45.
Hiram, King of Tyre, friend of
David and Solomon, 154; fur-
nishes men and materials to
build the temple of Yahveh and
Solomon's palace, ib.
Hittites (Egyptian " Khetas," As-
syrian " Khatti "), a great people,
29; their wars against Dhut-
mes III. and Ramses II., 29-30 ;
of Hamitic stock, 30 ; their first
headquarters, ib.; signs of their
northern origin, 31 ; their de-
cline, 33 ; their culture and re-
ligion, 35-36 ; their early colli-
sions with Assyria, 37 ; sup-
planted by the Aramaeans, 56-
57; 148.
Hoshea (Ausi), King of Israel,
succeeds Pekah, 231 ; conspires
against Assyria, 246.
Hyksos, see Shasus.
Iaubid, or Uubid, upstart king of
Hamath, 255 ; taken and flayed
alive by Sargon, 256.
Iahuhazi mat Iaudai, see Ahaz of
Judah.
Ibriz, in Cilicia, Hittite rock-
sculptures at, 364.
Ilubid, see Iaubid.
Ilulai, King of Babylon, possibly
identical with Shalmaneser IV.,
240.
Indabigash dethrones Tammaritu
and usurps the crown of Elam,
395 ; perishes in a revolt, 398.
Indo-European race, its great
qualities, 351.
Indo-Germanic race, see Aryan
race.
Ir-Samirina, see Samaira.
Isaiah, the Hebrew prophet,
warns the king of Judah against
trusting to Egypt, 243, 254;
rebukes Hezekiah for his impru-
dence with regard to Merodach
Baladan's embassy, 271-272;
comforts him at Sennacherib's
approach, 309.
Ishmi-Dagon, earliest known king
of Asshur, 2.
Ishtar, goddess of love and of
war, rules the planet Venus, 18 ;
"of Nineveh," "of Arbela,"
ib. : her fundamental identity
with Belit, 19; with Ashtoreth,
107 ; the favorite deity of Esar-
haddon, 333 ; her message to
Asshurbanipal, 386-387.
Israel, kingdom of, secedes from
the house of David, 157.
Israelites invade Moab, 126.
Ister, modern Danube, 360.
J-
Jacob settles in Egypt with his
family, 23.
Japhetic race, see Aryan or Indo-
European race.
Jehovah, see Yahveh.
Jehu usurps the crown, 184 ; pays
tribute to Shalmaneser II., 185
-187.
Jeremiah, a Hebrew prophet, on
the Scythian invasion, 370, 424.
Jerusalem, the political and relig-
ious centre of the Jewish na-
tion, the only holy place of
Yahveh, 1 52 ; the temple at,
built by Phoenician artists, 1 54-
155; fortified by Hezekiah, 304
-305 ; siege and deliverance of,
under Sennacherib, 307-309.
Jews, tribes of, gathered into a
nation under David and Solo-
man, 1 51-153; oppressed by
Solomon, 154; separate into
two kingdoms after Solomon's
death, t 57.
Joel, a Hebrew prophet, 256.
Jonah and his preaching at Nine-
veh not mentioned on the mon
442
INDEX.
uments, 208 ; possible explana-
tion of the story, 209-210.
Jonathan, the son of Saul, 151.
Joseph, his brilliant career in
Egypt, 25.
Judah, kingdom of, ruled by the
house of David, 157.
K.
Kabirim, the seven Phoenician
deities, 142-143.
Kaboul, a part of ancient Ariana,
inhabited by Eranians, 351.
Kadesh, Battle of, 30 ; one of the
Hittite capitals, ib.
Kalah, one of the three Assyrian
capitals, 3; founded by Shal-
maneser I., 37 ; rebuilt and
embellished by Asshurnazirpal,
164-166.
Kaldu (Chaldea proper); strict
definition of the name, 170 ;
princes of, 172 ; their ambition
and rebellious attitude towards
Assyria, 172, 173.
Kaphtor, uncertain island, per-
haps Crete, 149.
Kar-Dunyash, Babylon, 20.
Karkha, the royal citadel of
Mesha, king of Moab, 216.
Karkhemish, principal Hittite
capital, 31 ; important and
wealthy commercial station,
148; final conquest of, by Sai-
gon, 261.
Kar Nineb, fortress built by Sar-
gon in the Zagros lands, 262.
Kar-Sharrukin, fortress built by
Sargon in the Zagros lands, 262.
Karkar, battle of, 181.
Kart-Hadascht, see Carthage.
Kasshi (Cossaeans), Sennacherib's
campaign against the, 300.
Khabour, or Habor, " the river of
Gozan," 249.
Khaluli, battle of, 318-319.
Khatti, see Hittites.
Khatti, land of, general name for
Syria, irrespective of races, 148.
Khauzer,.see Khuzur.
Khazailu, see Hazael.
Khetas, see Hittites.
Khemosh, the god of Moab, 126,
205-217.
" Kherem," "devoting" "cap-
tured cities to destruction," 138.
Khosr, see Khuzur.
Khumbanigash, king of El am,
makes alliance with Merodach
Baladan against Assyria, 259.
Khudur Lagamar, early Elamite
king, 25.
Khudur Nankhundi, early Elam-
ite king, 25.
Khuzur, now Khosr or Khauzer,
stream that flowed through
Nineveh, 326.
Kileh-Sherghat, hamlet on the
site of Asshur, 2.
Kimmerians, see Cimmerians.
Kings of Assyria, their priestly
character, 10-11 ; sacredness of
their persons, 14-16.
Kings of Egypt, their Asiatic ex-
peditions, 26-30.
Kiriath-Sepher (" the City of
Books "), a city in Phoenicia,
144.
Kir-Haresheth, a city of Moab,
126.
Kish, a city in Babylonia, 298.
Kittim, see Cyprus.
Kour, ancient Kyros, river, 383.
Kurdistan, see Nairi.
Kyaxares (Uvakshatara), king of
Media, son and successor of
Phraortes, 421 ; invades As-
syria, 422 ; returns to Media in
consequence of the Scythian
invasion, ib. ; frees Media from
the Scythians, 427 ; enters an
alliance with Nabopolassar of
Babylon, ib.; unites with him
to besiege Nineveh, 428.
Kybele, the Lydian nature-god-
dess, 367 ; myth of her love to
Attys, ib.
Kydnos, a river in Cilicia.
Kyros, modern Kour, river, 383.
INDEX.
443
LaYlie, an Arab chieftain, kindly
treated by Esarhaddon, 338.
Lakhish, a fortress of Judah, be-
sieged and taken by Sennach-
erib, 305-307.
Lebanon, Mount, meaning of the
name, 78.
Limmu, or Eponyms, Assyrian
magistrates after whom the
years were named ; importance
of the institution for the estab-
lishment of a reliable chronol-
ogy, 146.
Lydia, a country in Asia Minor,
364 ; population of, principally
Hittite, 366 ; early traditions of,
ib.; overrun by Cimmerians,
378-382.
M.
Madai, see Medes.
Madaktu, one of the great cities of
Elam, 401.
Madyes, son of Protothyes the
Scythian king, 422; killed at a
banquet by Kyaxares, 427.
Magog, the Hebrew name for the
Scythians of Sacasene, 383.
Manasseh, king of Judah, son and
successor of Ilezekiah, does
homage to Esarhaddon, 340;
rebels against him, 341 ; cap-
tured and pardoned, 341-342.
Manes, the supreme god of the
Lydians, 366.
Marduk, successor of Meridug,
chief god of later Babylon, 17;
ruler of the planet Jupiter in
Assyria, ib.
Marduk-habal-iddin, see Mero-
dach Baladan.
Masios, Mount, continuation of
Taurus, 30.
Medes (Madai) subdued by Ra-
man-Nirari III., 194; send trib-
ute to Sennacherib, 302 ; to
Esarhaddon, 337 ; the three
kinds of, 353-354 ; their loose
political constitution, 354; they
spread through the Zagros,
355; unite into a kingdom, 419-
421.
Megiddo, battle of, 27.
Melkarth, or Baal-Melkarth, the
Phoenician sun-god, protector
of westward navigation, 90;
pillars of, ib. ; specially wor-
shipped at Tyre, 108 ; meaning
of the name, ib. ; temple of, at
Tyre, ib.
Memphis, one of the capitals of
Egypt, 373-
Menahem, King of Israel (As-
syrian : Minihimmi-ir-Samir-
ina), pays tribute to Tiglath-
Pileser II., 227.
Meridug, see Marduk.
Merodach Baladan (Marduk-
Habal-Iddin) of Bit-Yakin, 237 ;
does homage to Tiglath-Pi-
leser II., at Sapiya, 238;
makes alliance with Khum-
banigash, King of Elam, against
Sargon, 259; with Sutruk-
Nankhundi, successor of Khum-
banigash, 269 ; sends an em-
bassy to Hezekiah, King of
Judah, 270-272 ; opens hostili-
ties against Sargon, 273 ; is de-
feated and flies into Elam, 273 ;
returns to Dur-Yakin, 274 ;
flies again, 275; reappears on
Sennacherib's accession, as
King of Babylon, 298 ; is de-
feated and flies to Bit-Yakin,
299; retires to Nagitu, on the
shore of Elam, 312.
Mesha, King of Moab, sacrifices
his eldest son, 126-127; Stele
of, 213-217.
Migrations of races ; obscurity of
the subject, 70-71.
Minihimmi-ir-Samirina, see Men-
ahem, King of Israel.
Moab, kingdom of, 126, 157 5
Mesha, king of, 126-127; 212-
217; king of, does homage to
Esarhaddon, 340.
Moloch, meaning of the name,
444
INDEX.
107 ; Canaanitic sun-god, ib.;
the fierce sun-god, 115; wor-
ship of, distinguished by hu-
man sacrifices, 133; child-sacri-
fices to, at Carthage, 134-136.
Moriah, Mount, temple of Yah-
veh on, 153.
Muzazir, a kingdom of Nai'ri, 264;
conquered by Sargon, 264.
Muzri, ancient city, on the site of
which Dur-Sharrukin was built,
280.
Myths, Canaanitic, difficult to un-
ravel, 109-110; of Baal, his
sleep and his travels, 116; Aiti-
ological, 126.
N.
Nabopolassar (Nabu-pal-uzzur)
becomes king of Babylon, 427 ;
enters an alliance with Kyax
ares, ib. ; unites with him to
besiege and destroy Nineveh,
428.
Nabu-bel-Zikri of Bit-Yakin, a
grandson of Merodach Baladan,
rises against Asshurbanipal,
397 ; commits suicide, 402-403 ;
his body treated with indignity,
404.
Nabu-khudur-uzzur, see Nebu-
chadrezzar.
Nabu-pal-uzzur, see Nabopolas-
sar.
Nagitu, a city of Elam by the
Gulf, 312.
Nahid-Marduk, a son of Mero-
dach Baladan, submits to Esar-
haddon, 335.
Nahr-el-Ke'lb, rock-sculptures of,
344; stele of Esarhaddon at,
"ib.
Nahum, a Hebrew prophet, his
prophecv against Assyria, 429.
Nai'ri, lands of, geographical po-
sition, 43; campaign of Tig-
lath-Pileser I. in, 47~54 5 g reat
outbreak in, under Sargon, 260.
Nebi-Yunus, mound of, 331-340.
Nebosumiskun, a son of Mero-
dach Baladan, taken prisoner
in the battle of Khaluli, 318.
Nebuchadrezzar (Nabu-khudur-
uzzur), son of Nabopolassar,
married to Amytis, daughter of
Kyaxares, 428.
Necho, prince of Sa'is, set by
Esarhaddon over the other
nineteen tributary kings of
Egypt, 343 ; conspires with Ta-
harka against Asshurbanipal
and is carried captive to Nine-
veh, 374 ; is set free and returns
to Sais, 375 ; dies soon after the
sack of Thebes, 380.
Nineveh, the last capital of As-
syria, rebuilt and embellished
by Sennacherib, 325 ; besieged
by Kyaxares, 422 ; fall of, 428.
Ninyas, son of Ninus and Semir-
amis, 198, 200.
Ninus, mythical founder of the
Assyrian Empire, 196.
Niphates, Mons, northern boun-
dary of Assyria under Tiglath-
Pileser I., 65.
Nipur Mountains, a portion of
the Nai'ri range, 313.
No-amon, one of the names of
Thebes,. 430.
O.
Obelisk, Shalmaneser II.'s black,
185-187.
Omn, father of Ahab ; builds
Samaria, 182.
Onnes, or Oannes, first husband
of the mythical Semiramis, 196.
Oppert, Mr. Julius, one of the
decipherers of Tiglath-Pile-
ser's cylinder, 45.
"Orgiastic" religions and rites,
131 ; meaning of the word, 132.
Orontes, river in Syria, 30, 178.
Padi, King of Ekron, devoted to
Assyria, dethroned and deliv-
ered to Hezekiah of Judah,
INDEX.
445
304; restored to his throne,
306.
Pakaha, see Pekah.
Pakhe usurps the crown of Elam
from Ummanaldash II., 406 ;
is yoked to Asshurbanipal's
triumphal chariot with three
more captive princes, 409.
Palaces of Asshurnazirpal at
Kalah, 165-170; of Sargon at
Dur-Sharrukin, 283-287 ; of
Sennacherib at Nineveh, 327-
330; of Asshurbanipal 410-
416.
Palestine, derivation of the name,
33 ; pre-Canaanitic populations
of, 73-76.
Pantheon, Assyrian, 16-19
Paphlagonia, a country of Asia
Minor, 369.
Paritya, a son of Gagi, the
Scythian chieftain, 422.
Patesis, king-priests, 2.
Pekah (Pakaha), son of Remal-
iah, murders and succeeds Pe-
kaih, king of Israel, and makes
alliance with Syria, 229 ; assas-
sinated, 232.
Pekaiat, son and successor of
Menahem of Israel, murdered
and succeeded by Pekah, 229.
Pelishtim, see Philistines.
Philistines (Pelishtim), powerful
nation of Syria, 35 ; their con-
federation of five cities, 150;
their long conflict with the
Jews, 151.
Phoenicians, their wealth, 67-68 ;
their origin and migrations,
68-70 ; their earliest race-name,
69 ; their country and cities,
76-80; their politics and gov-
ernment, 78 ; their industries,
81; their navigation, 83 ; their
colonies and trading stations,
83-84 ; their slave-trade and
barter-trade, 85 ; their colonies
on Greek islands, 85-86; their
voyages for tin, 86-92 ; for am-
ber, 92-93 ; their caravan trade,
93-94 ; their great wealth and
luxury, 94-96; their intellect-
ual and moral character, 96-
97 ; their lack of inventiveness
and originality, 97-99; their
great genius for business and
money-making, 99 ; their his-
torical mission, 99-102 ; carry
their worship to Greece and
Italy, 144.
Phraortes (Travartish), King of
Media, reputed son and succes-
sor of Dei'okes, 421 ; his unsuc-
cessful invasion of Assyria and
death, id.
Phryges, see Phrygians.
Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor,
anciently ruled by Hittites,
367 ; later overrun by Aryans,
ib.
Phrygians, an important branch
of the Aryan race, 367.
Phrygo-Thracian nations, 368.
Phut, see Puna.
" Pillars of Melkarth," 90.
Pre-Canaanitic populations of
Syria, 73-75; probably Turan-
ian, 75-76.
Proto-Armenians, see Alarodians.
Protothyes, a Scythian chieftain,
422.
Psammetik, King of Sais, son and
successor of Necho, draws
Gyges of Lydia into an alliance
against Asshurbanipal, 380;
becomes King of all Egypt and
refuses allegiance to Asshur-
banipal, 395; his long wars in
Syria, 418, 423; stops the
Scythian invasion by bribes,
424.
Pul or Phul, see Tiglath-Pileser
Puna (Punt, Phut, Put), Hamitic
tribe, probable ancestors of
the Phoenicians, 69.
Punt, see Puna.
Purple dye, invented and monopo-
lized by the Phoenicians, 81-82 ;
fisheries, 82 ; navigation in
pursuit of purple-mussel, 82-
83; purple-mussel first occa-
446
INDEX.
sion of colonization, 83-34 ; of
prosperity of Greek islands, 86.
Put, see Puna.
Pygmalion, King of Tyre, 211.
R.
Ra, modern Volga, 359.
Raman-Nirari III., son and suc-
cessor of Shamshi-Raman III. ;
his long reign and successful
wars, 191-192 ; his queen, Sham-
muramat, 194 - 195 ; their
names jointly mentioned in a
dedication of some statues of
Nebo, 202.
Ramses II., the Egyptian con-
queror, 29-30.
Raphia, battle of, between Sargon
and Shabaka, 258.
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, one of
the decipherers of Tiglath-
Pileser's cylinder, 45.
Remaliah, see Pekah.
Rezin, King of Syria, makes
alliance with Pekah, King of
Israel, against Judah, 229-230 ;
besieged in Damascus and put
to death, 233.
Sacasene, a region south of the
Caucasus, occupied by Scyth-
ians, 383.
Sacrifice, original meaning of
the word, 118; different
classes of, 1 18-120; two modes
of, burnt offering and consecra-
tion, 1 20-1 21 ; to consist of
perfect victims or offerings,
122 ; most lavish when prompt-
ed by fear, 123 ; human, a log-
ical necessity, 123-124; com-
mon to all religions in remote
antiquity, and considered a
divine institution, 124-126,
127 ; legends connected with
abolition of human- sacrifices,
128-129; child-sacrifices at
Carthage, 132-135 ; at Jerusa-
lem, 135; forbidden by Ro-
mans, 136.
Saida, see Sidon.
Sais, an Egyptian city, 344 ;
Necho, hereditary prince of,
ib.
Saki or Sakhi, see Scythians.
Samaria, capital of Israel, built
by Omri, 182 ; attacked by
Shalmaneser IV., 247 ; taken by
Sargon, 247 ; rises against him,
2 55-
Samaritans, later ; their mixed
origin, 249-250.
Sanchoniatho, Phoenician priest;
"Fragments" of, 125, 139,
143-
Sapiya, capital of Ukinzir's Chal-
dean principality, taken and
sacked by Tiglath-Pileser II.,
237 ; Merodach Baladan does
homage at, 237-238.
Sarakos, last King of Assyria,
named by the Greeks, 418.
Sardanapalus, see Asshurbanipal.
Sardis, capital of Lydia, 364;
sacked by Cimmerians, 382.
Sargon (SharruKenu), King of
Assyria, takes Samaria, 247 ;
character of his reign and
wars, 251-254; crushes the ris-
ing in the West, 255-256;
marches against Shabaka, 256;
defeats him at Raphia, 258;
his campaign against Merodach
Baladan, 272-276; receives trib-
ute from seven kings of Cy-
prus, 278 ; from the King of
Dilmun, ib. ; settles the dispute
between the sons of Dalta,
King of Ellip, 278 ; builds Dur-
Sharrukin, 280-289 ; his wise
rule and care of his people, 291-
294 ; his assassination, 294.
Saul, King of the Jews, 151.
Sayce, Professor A. H. his