The German Element in Brazil Colonies and Dialect online

palha, palje _f._ (palha) .... Maisstroh.
palhazigarrette _f._ ......... Zigarette (mit Maisstroh gewickelt).
palla ........................ leichter Reitermantel.
palpite _m._ ................. Ahnung, Herzklopfen.
pancaré _m._ ................. hellbraunes Pferd.
past _m._ (pasto) ............ Weide.
pataca, patak _f._, patake
_f._ (pataca) .............. 320 Reis. (_Old coin._)
patacão ...................... Zweimilreistück. (_Old Spanish
silver dollar._)
patrão ....................... Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter.
patte _f._ (pata) ............ Ente.
peão ......................... Fussgänger, Reitknecht.
pechincha .................... gutes Geschäft, unverhoffter Gewinn.
periquito .................... Sittig, kleiner Papagei.
persienne _f._ (persianna) ... Sommerladen, Jalousie.
perú _m._ .................... Truthahn.
picaço ....................... dunkelgefarbtes aber weissfüssiges
Pferd.
picada, picade _f._, pikade
_f._(picada) ............... Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Koloniestrasse.
picapau _m._ ................. Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader
bewaffneter Soldat.
pikarette _f._ (picareta) .... Picke, Spitzhacke.
pimente _f._ (pimenta) ....... Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer.
pinga ........................ Tropfen (Schnapps).
pipa, pipe _f._ (pipa) ....... Tonne, Fass.
polizeidelegado .............. Polizei-inspektor.
poncho ....................... Reitermantel.
portão, portong _m._ (portão) Hauseingang, Torweg.
porteira ..................... Eingangator (zur "Pikade").
portreere _f._ (portreiro) ... Koppel, Weideplatz, Viehraum
(eingefriedigter).
posen (repousar) ............. rasten, ruhen lassen.
potro ........................ Füllen, junges Pferd.
praça ........................ Platz, Marktplatz.
prima ........................ Base, Kousine.
primo ........................ Vetter.
prompt (prompto, pronto) ..... fertig, bereit
puschen (puxar) .............. ziehen.
puschochse _m._ .............. Zugochse.
pussen _V._ puschen ..........


=Q.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

quero-quero .................. Kiebitz.
questão _f._ (questão) ....... Frage.


=R.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

rancho ....................... Kolonistenhaus, Lehmhütte, Hütte.
rapadura ..................... Zuckerkuchen, brauner Zucker.
rebankieren (arrebanhar) ..... in Herden versammeln, zusammenscharen.
rekerieren (requerer) ........ auffordern, bitten, ersuchen.
riberong _m._ (riberão) ...... Bach.
rio _f. (sometimes m.),_ (rio) Fluss.
riscado ...................... Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollenzeug.
roça, roce _f._ (roça) ....... Pflanzung, Lichtung.
rocemachen ................... Land urbarmachen.
rocewirtschaft _f._ .......... Landwirtschaft.
rodeiro ...................... Umweg, Ausflucht.
rosse _f.V._ roça ............
rossieren (roçar) ............ ausjäten, urbarmachen.


=S.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

sabiá _m._ ................... Amsel (brasilianische).
salto _m._ ................... Wasserfall.
sange _f._ (sanga) ........... Graben (wasserhaltiger).
scharute _f.V._ charute.......
scheegen (chegar) ............ genügen.
schikott _m._ (chicote _m._) . Peitsche.
seccos und molhados .......... Kolonialwaren (i.e. trockene und
nasse Waren).
sellieren (sellar) ........... stempeln, besiegeln.
sello ........................ Freimarke.
serra ........................ Gebirge, Hochland.
sertanejo .................... Einwohner der Wildnis.
sertão ....................... Wildnis, Einöde, Küstenwälder.
si, senhor! (sim, senhor) .... ja, mein Herr!
sitio ........................ Grundstück, kleines Landgut,
sobrado ...................... Stockwerk, Geschoss.
stanz _f.V._ estancia ........
strupiat (estropiado) ........ lahm, verkrüppelt.
suspensorios _m. plu._ ....... Hosenträger.


=T.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

tamanduá _m._ ................ Ameisenbär, Ameisenfresser.
taquara ...................... Bambus.
tarraffe _f._ (tarrafa) ...... Wurfnetz.
tatú _n._ (tatú _m._) ........ Gürteltier.
'te logo! _V._ até logo ......
tenente _m._ ................. Leutnant.
terral _m._ .................. Landwind.
thesouraria .................. Schatzkammer, Zahlamt.
tocken (tocar) ............... schlagen, antreiben.
tokaio (tocaio) .............. Namensvetter.
tolde _f._ (tolda) ........... Verdeck (auf einem Wagen).
tostão ....................... 100 Reis.
trace _f._ (traça) ........... Spur, Entwurf.
trapiche _m._, trapisch _m._
(trapiche _m._) ............ Lagerhaus (am Hafen), Kai.
troc _m._ (troca) ............ Wechsel, Tausch, Kleingeld.
trocken (trocar) ............. wechseln, tauschen.
tropa ........................ Trupp, Maultiertrupp.
tropeiro ..................... Viehhändler.
tupiano ...................... Scheck. (_Dappled horse._)


=U.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

urubú _m._ ................... Geier.


=V.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

vamos ........................ vorwärts!
vaqueano ..................... Führer.
vendaschuld _f._ (venda) ..... Zechschuld.
venda, vende _f._ (venda) .... Kaufladen, Kram und Schankladen,
Schenke.
vendeiro, vedist _m._
(vendeiro) ................. Gastwirt, Kleinhändler.
ventin _m._ (vintem _m._) .... 20 Reis. (_Coin._)
villa ........................ Städtchen.
vintem _m._, vinten _m. V._
ventin .....................
violáo ....................... Bratache, Bassgeige.
viva ......................... Vivat, Lebehoch.


=W.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

wentin _m. V._ ventin ........
wolte _f._ (volta)............ Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges
oder Flusses).


=X.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

xarque _n._ (xarque _m._) .... Dörrfleisch.
xarqueada .................... Schlächterei.


=Z.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

zaino ........................ ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz
schwarz).
zebruno ...................... Falbe.
zigarro _V._ cigarro .........
zipo _V._ cipó ...............
zise _f._ (sisa, siza) ....... Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.




APPENDIX.


THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.

Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to
dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading
matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along
the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general
access to publications of this type.


ALMANACS.

As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both
in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of
books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most
important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We
might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his
agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and
poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in
addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is
ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days
and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted
only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack
of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.

Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil
are:

_Rothermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published
in São Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;

_Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_,
published in Rio and Curityba;

_Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;

_Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;

and

_Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto
Alegre.

Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well
as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found
in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use
in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was für gebildeten
Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]

The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In
addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a
year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.

In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the
colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to
persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of
those colonists.


NEWSPAPERS.

The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the
early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_
appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort
was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche
Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th,
1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch
appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from
an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of
colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_,
a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning
with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter
Müller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in
its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few
years.

From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral
existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above
mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a
continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to
this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is
indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication,
the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was
founded.

_Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.
_Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.
_Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.
_Germania_, São Paulo. Daily. 1877.
_Deutsche Post_, São Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.
_Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.
_Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.
_Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.
_Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.
_Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.
_Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.
_Deutsche Zeitung für São Paulo._ Daily. 1897.
_Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.
_Der Kompass_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.
_Volks-Zeitung_, São Bento. Weekly. 1908.
_Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.
_Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.
_Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.
_Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.

From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and
newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has
from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German
journalistic efforts.




BIBLIOGRAPHY.


The works listed below are important sources for the study of the
history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books,
important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many
articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in
Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as
the _Alldeutsche Blätter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche
Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen,
etc._, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers
listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these
articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further
indicated.

Ackerbaukolonien. _Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Würtemberg
und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)

Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: _A Journey to Brazil._ Boston, 1868.

Angerami, Domingos. _V._ Fonseca, Antonio.

Auswanderer. _Central Auskunftstelle für Auswanderer. Deutsche
Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)

Avé-Lallement, Dr. Robert: _Reise durch Südbrasilien im Jahre 1858._
Leipzig, 1859. (_2 vols._)

Bastos, Travares: _Questões de Immïgração. (Manuscript in National
Library. Rio.)_

Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: _Südbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher
Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Rudolstadt, 1850.

Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Aus Süd-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und
Aufzeichnungen_, Brackwede i/W., 1913.

Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die
deutsche Auswanderung._ Heidelberg, 1885.

Burton, Richard F., _V._ Tootal, Albert.

Canstatt, Oscar: _Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen
Literatur._ Berlin, 1902.

Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: _Le Brésil Méridional._ Paris, 1910.

Cunha, Dr. José Bonifacio da: _Commemoração do 50° Anniversario da
Fundação de Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.

Dechent, N.: _Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville
am 14. August 1916._ Joinville, 1916.

Dettmann, Eduard: _Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung._
Berlin, 1908.

Dilthey, R.: _Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Südbrasilien, Uruguay und
Argentinien._ Berlin, 1882.

Dörffel, Dr. O.: _Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Südbrasilianischen
Provinz Santa Catharina._ Joinville, 1882.

Elliott, L.E.: _Brazil Today and Tomorrow._ New York, 1917.

_L'État de São Paulo. Renseignements utiles._ Antwerp, 1914. (_São Paulo
State publication. 3d ed._)

_Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend._ São Paulo, 1916.
(Apr. 13th.)

_Festschrift zum 50 jährigem Jubiläum der Pfarrei São José do
Hortencio._ Porto Alegre, 1899.

Fonseca, Antonio, - et Angerami, Domingos: _Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul._
São Paulo, 1912.

Funke, Alfred: _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der
Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1902.

Funke, Alfred: _Deutsche Siedelung über See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte
und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul._ Halle a/Saale, 1902.

Gernhard, Robert: _Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau._ Breslau, 1901.

Gerstäcker, Friedrich: _Achtzehn Monate in Südamerika._ Jena, 1862, and
Leipzig, 1863.

Giesebrecht, Franz: _Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Südbrasilien._
Berlin, 1899.

Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.A.: _Heimatkunde von Brasilien._ Porto Alegre,
1914.

Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.: _Lehr- und Lesebuch für Schule und Haus._
Porto Alegre, 1914.

Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: _Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e
della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo._ Milano-Roma-Napoli,
1914.

_Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande._ Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen
Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande.
Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)

Historia da Immigração. _Dados para a Historia da Immigração e da
Colonização em São Paulo enviados pela Seccão de Informações do
Departamento Estadual do Trabalho á Directoria do Serviço de
Povoamento._ São Paulo, 1916. (_Govt. publication._)

Imperio do Brazil. _O Imperio do Brazil na Exposição Universal de 1876
em Philadelphia._ Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (_State publication._)

_Impressões do Brazil no Secolo Vinte._ London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater
Britain Publishing Company.)

Jahn, Adalbert: _Die Kolonien von São Leopoldo in der kaiserlich
brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen
über freie Einwanderung in Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1871.

Jahrbuch. _Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate
São Paulo._ São Paulo, 1905.

Jannasch, R.: _Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1905.

Klüpfel, Dr. Karl: _N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Südamerica
1529 bis 1555._ Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart.
No. 47.)

Koseritz, Carl von: _Bilder aus Brasilien._ Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.

Krauel, Dr. R.: _Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien._ Hamburg, 1900.

Kultur-Pionier. _Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate São Paulo._
(Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) São Paulo, 1913.

Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm: _Ritte und Rasttage in Süd-Brasilien. Reisebilder
und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen._ Berlin, 1906.

Lange, Henry: _Südbrasilien, mit Rücksicht auf die deutsche
Kolonisation._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2d ed._)

Langendonck, Madame van: _Une Colonie au Brésil. Récits Historiques._
Antwerp, 1862.

Learned, M.D.: _Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American
History in the German State Archives._ Washington, 1912.

Lehmann, Emil: _Die deutsche Auswanderung._ Berlin, 1861.

Leyfer, H.: _Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in
Südbrasilien._ Leipzig, 1900.

Lima, Oliveira: _Dom João VI no Brasil, 1808-1821._ Rio de Janeiro,
1908.

Ludwig, A.: _A colonização nos paizes da America do Sul._ Porto Alegre,
1916.

Lufft, Dr. Hermann: _Das portugiesische Südamerika._ Berlin and Leipzig,
1913. (Sammlung Göschen. No. 672.)

Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: _O Estado de São Paulo._ São Paulo, 1915.

d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: _Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisação do
Brazil._ Paris, 1871. (_Pamphlet._)

Orlando, Arthur: _Brazil. A Terra e o Homem._ Recife, 1913.

Pereira da Silva, J.M.: _Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil._ Rio de
Janeiro, 1895.

Perrin, Paul: _Les Colonies Agricoles au Brésil d'après les documents
officiels les plus récents._ Paris, 1912.

Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio: _L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S.
Paulo._ São Paulo, 1911.

Pompeu, Julio: _Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States._ Rio de
Janeiro, 1910.

_Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im
Staate Santa Catharina, Südbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)_
Hamburg, 1898.

_Ratschläge für Auswanderer nach Südbrasilien._ (Jannasch, Koseritz,
Dörffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (_3d ed._)

_Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Serviço de Povamento em 1910._
Rio de Janeiro, 1911.

Rücker, A.A. _V._ Grimm, M.

Schanz, Moritz: _Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche
Verhältnisse._ Hamburg, 1893.

Schüler, Heinrich: _Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft._ Stuttgart and
Leipzig, 1912.

Sellin, A.W.: _Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten._ Munich. (J.F.
Lehmann's Verlag.)

Sellin, A.W.: _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2 vols._)

Sellin, A.W.: _Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien._
Hamburg, 1909.

Sieves Wilhelm: _Südamerika und die deutschen Interessen._ Stuttgart,
1903.

Simon, Alex.: _Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v.
Südamerika._ Bayreuth, 1850.

Sommer, Friedrich: _Das Deutschthum in São Paulo unter besonderer
Berücksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen
wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung._ São Paulo. (_Still in
manuscript at the time the present work went to press._)

Stade, Hans: _Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft
der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt
America gelegen._ Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (_V._ Klüpfel, Dr. Karl.)

Telles, Moreira: _O Brazil e a Emigração._ Lisbon, 1913.

Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.: _The Captivity of Hans Stade of
Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil._
London, 1874.

Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: _Reisen durch Südamerika._ Leipzig,
1866-1869. (_5 vols._)

Urwaldsbote. _Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender für die Deutschen in
Südbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie
Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.

Vallentin, Dr. W.: _Das Deutschthum in Südamerika._ Berlin, 1908.

Wagemann, E.: _Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate
Espirito Santo._ Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik (Beitrag zur
Enquête üher die Ansiedelung von Europäern in den Tropen). 1916
[?].[130]

Wappäus, Dr. J.E.: _Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Leipzig,
1846 and 1848. (_2 parts._)

Wernicke, Hugo: _Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine
Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens._
Potsdam, 1910. (_2d ed._)

Wright, Marie Robinson: _The New Brazil._ Philadelphia, 1907.

Zöller, Hugo: _Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald._ Berlin and
Stuttgart, 1883.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 41: _V._ note 29, p. 18.]

[Footnote 42: I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and
Itapecerica.]

[Footnote 43: _V._ note 27, p. 18.]

[Footnote 44: I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.]

[Footnote 45: In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and São Lourenço] sprechen
sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsrücker Dialekt.... Ein
Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an
einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er
fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?"
fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war
die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."

E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." _Uhle's
Kalender_ for 1912, p. 76.]

[Footnote 46: This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German
_'j'_ as e.g., where the latter replaces the _'h'_ in _jatte_ (from
_hiate_), the _'i'_ or _'y'_ in _cuja_ (from _cuia, cuya_) or the
_'lh'_ in _cangalje_ (from _cangalho_). In such cases the _'j'_ has the
phonetic value of the English _'y'_.]

[Footnote 47: See note 4, p. 19.]

[Footnote 48: The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo. _V._
note 2, p. 19.]

[Footnote 49: Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.]

[Footnote 50: For a further example of a short proper name compare the
one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa
Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of São
Paulo.]

[Footnote 51: This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to
native-born German Brazilians.]

[Footnote 52: Political propaganda literature intended to lead the
unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before
the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may
be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only
ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem
to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly
about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville
and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular
subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.]

[Footnote 53: Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens
from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.]

[Footnote 54: By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the
_Familienfreund_ for 1917, P. 39 ff.]

[Footnote 55: _Viezüchter._]

[Footnote 56: _Feigenbaum._]

[Footnote 57: _Landgut._]

[Footnote 58: Read _60 Milreis_.]

[Footnote 59: _Winterquatier._]

[Footnote 60: _Conto_= 1000 Milreis.]

[Footnote 61: _Freund._]

[Footnote 62: _Schlächterei._]

[Footnote 63: _Viehhändler._]

[Footnote 64: _Schenke._]

[Footnote 65: _Fertig._]

[Footnote 66: _Gepräge._]

[Footnote 67: _Uhles Familienkalender_, 1916, p. 318.]