John Ross (Arctic explorer), British naval officer and explorer (d. 1856), was born
Battle of SГЈo Mamede, near GuimarГЈes. Portugal forces led by Alfonso I of Portugal defeat his mother D.Teresa and D.FernГЈo Peres de Trava. After this battle, the future king calls himself "Prince of Portugal", the first step towards "official independence" in 1143.,