Cassius Dio Cocceianus.
Dio's Roman history, with an English translation online
. (page 16 of 35)
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this one further remark, that if you will conduct the
government in this manner, you will both enjoy
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8 TOiovTOV^ aireBev^a, civ S' ahvvarri(T'qre fcal otiovv
avr&v TTpa^ac, ifik fikv fieravorjaai iroLTjaere, rrjv
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fi€v yap rrfv re Zidvoiav avrov ^Zeaav kclic rovrov
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virdirrevov tA \ey6fieva oi hk iiriarevov (r<f>io-i,
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iddpaovv oi S' ovk rjOeXov, dXXd jroXXh pev Kal
pera^v dva/yuyvooaKOvro^ avrov Biefiotov iroXXd
Be Kal perd rovro, pu>vap^eia0ai re Beopevoi Kal
^ fiov\6nevoi B. ISteph., fiov\ev6fA€voi VM.
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prosperity yourselves and you will gratify me, who
found you engaged in wretched strife and made you
what you now are ; but if there is any part whatever
of this programme that you shall prove unable to
carry out, you will cause me to regret my action and
you will at the same time cast the city again into
many wars and grave dangers."
While Caesar was reading this address, varied
feelings took possession of the senators. A few of
them knew his real intention and consequently kept
applauding him enthusiastically ; of the rest, some
were suspicious of his words, while others believed
them, and therefore both classes marvelled equally,
the one at his cunning and the other at his decision,
and both were displeased, the former at his scheming
and the latter at his change of mind. For already
there were some who abhorred the democratic con-
stitution as a breeder of strife, were pleased at the
change in government, and took delight in Caesar.
Consequently, though they were variously affected
by his announcement, their views were the same.
For, on the one hand, those who believed he had
spoken the truth could not show their pleasure, —
those who wished to do so being restrained by their
fear and the others by their hopes, — and those, on
the other hand, who did not believe it did not dare
accuse him and expose his insincerity, some because
they were afraid and others because they did not care
to do so. Hence all the doubters either were com-
pelled to believe him or else pretended that they did.
As for praising him, some had not the courage and
others were unwilling ; on the contrary, both while
he was reading aijd afterwards, they kept shouting
out, begging for a monarchical government and urging
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DIOS ROMAN HISTORY
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rrj^ ^Hneipov, xal rb AeXfiarifcov ro re Ma/c€-
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^ Sifirpd^aro Bk., hi€Tpd^avro VM Xiph.
^ ry Xiph., T€ VM.
» &pi€ty Bk., &px€iy VM Xiph.
* Tj fiovXf Xiph. Zon., om. VM.
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every argument in its favour^ until t hey forced h im. b.c. 27
as it was made tcTappear, to ass ume aut ocratic power.
His very first act was to secure a decree granting^to ;
the men who should compose his bodyguard double '.
the pay that was given to the rest of the soldiers^ so
that he might be strictly guarded. When this was /
done, he was eager to establish the monarchy in j
very truth.
In this way he had his supremacy ratified by the
senate and by the people as well. But as he wished
even so to be thought democratic, while he accepted
all the care and oversight of the public business, on
the ground that it required some attention on his
part, yet he declared he would not personally govern
all the provinces, and that in the case of such pro-
vinces as he should govern he would not do so
indefinitely; and he did, in fact, restore to the
senate the weaker provinces, on the ground that
they were peaceful and free from war, while he
retained the more powerful^ alleging that they were
insecure and precarious and either had enemies on
their borders or were able on their own account to
begin a seripus revolt. His professed motive in this
was that the senate might fearlessly enjoy the finest
portion of the empire, while he himself had the
hardships and the dangers ; but his real purpose was \
that _by this arrangement the senators should be /
unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone
had arms and maintained soldiers. Africa, Numidia,
Asia, Greece with Epirus, the Dalmatian and Mace-
donian districts, Crete and the Cyrenaic portion of
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Kal VTTO r&v 'PoyfuiLcop rjpxero, dW' rj aifrovofia
a^etro fj Kal ^aaiXetac^i rialv eTrererpairTO' Kal
1 BtXyiKoi Bs., $t\TiKoi VM.
* BeKyiK^iv Bs., jScXtiic^v VM. ^ r6rt M, om. V.
* irpoatieHiBil "V, irpoircicriiffBii M.
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lAhysL, Bithynia with Pontus » which adjoined it, b.c. 27
Sardinia and Baetica were held to belong to the,
people and the senate ; while to Caesar belonged the 1
remainder of Spain, — ^that is, the district of Tarraco '
and Lusitania, — and all the Gauls, — ^that is, Gallia 1
Narbonensis, Gallia Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and-
Belgica, both the natives themselves and the aliens
among them. For some of the Celts, whom we call
Germans,^ had occupied all the Belgic territory
along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany,2
the upper |M)rtion extending to the sources of that
river, and the lower |M)rtion reaching to the British
Ocean. These provinces, then, together with Coele-
Sjrria, as it is called, Phoenicia, Cilicia, Cyprus and
Egypt, fell at that time to Caesar's share ; for after-
wards he gave Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis back
to the people, and for himself took Dalmatia instead.
This same course was followed subsequently in the
case of other provinces also, as the progress of my
narrative will show ; but I have enumerated these
provinces in this way because at the present time
each one of them is governed separately, whereas in
the beginning and for a long period thereafter they
were administered two and three together. The
others I have not mentioned because some of them
were acquired later, and the rest, even if they were
already subjugated, were not being governed by
the Romans, but either had been left autonomous or
had been attached to some kingdom or other.^ All
^ See note on xxxviii. 34.
* Dio's name for Germany proper is KeXnicfi ; when he uses
the name Tepfiayiaf as here, he refers to the provinces of that
name, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, both lying
west of the Rhine.
• Cf. chap. 26 and liv. 9.
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oaoiairep xal iv r^ darei vevofuajai xprja-ffai,
Koi rd T^9 dp)(rj<: iTriarjfia koI irapaxp^p^ dp.a
1 In li. 17, 1.
^ The details of the earlier legislation of Augustus (cf. liv.
16, 1 ; Iv. 2, 6) in the interest of more marriages and larger
families are not clear ; but as finally embodi^ in the Lex
Julia et Papia Poppaea (cf. Ivi. 10), the special privileges of
a father of three legitimate children (the ius irium liherorum)
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of them which came into the Roman empire after b.c. 27
this period were added to the provinces of the one
who was emperor at the time.
Such, then, was the apportionment of the pro-
vinces. And wishing, even then, to lead the
Romans a long way from the idea that he was at all
monarchical in his purposes, Caesar undertook for
only ten years the government of the provinces
assigned him ; for he promised to reduce them to
order within this period, and boastfully added that,
if they should be pacified sooner, he would the
sooner restore them, too, to the senate. Thereupon
he first appointed the senators themselves to govern
both classes of provinces, except Egypt. This '
province alone he assigned to a knight, the one we
have already named,i for the reasons mentioned
there. Next he ordained that the governors of
senatorial provinces should be annual magistrates,
chosen by lot, except when a senator enjoyed a
special privilege because of the large number of his
children or because of his marriage.^ These govern-
ors were to be sent out by vote of the senate in
public meeting; they were to carry no sword at
their belt nor to wear military uniform ; the name of
proconsul was to belong not only to the two ex-
consuls but also to the others who had merely served
as praetors or who held at least the rank of ex-
praetors; both classes were to employ as many
lictors as were usual in the capital ; and they were
included the right to receive inheritances left to bachelors
(who could not inherit), preference in standing for the various
offices, including the right to be a candidate before the regu-
lar age or without the usual interval between offices, pre-
cedence before equals and colleagues, and exemption from
certain civic obligations.
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oi avTiCTodTTfyoi %/)a)i;Tafc, koI o<toc ye ovk eK t&v
viraTevKOTODv elai, kaI ovo/Jid^ovTai in avTov tov
^ T^ iroXc/j-q) M, rod iroXefiov V.
^ Legati Augttati pro praetor e.
• The expression to which Dio here refers is apparently
the adjective qninque/ascalis, found in inscriptional Latin.
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to assume the insignia of their office immediately
upon leaving the pomerium and were to wear them
constantly until they x'eturned. The other governors,
on the other hand, were to be chosen by the emperor
himself and were to be called his envoys and
propraetors,^ even if the men selected were ex-
consuls. Thus, of these two titles which had been
in vogue so long under the republic, he gave that of
praetor to the men chosen by him, on the ground
that from very early times it had been associated
with warfare, calling them propraetors ; and he gave
the name of consul to the others, on the ground that
their duties were more peaceful, styling them pro-
consuls. For he reserved the full titles of consul
and praetor for Italy, and designated all the governors
outside of Italy as acting in their stead. So, then,
he caused the appointed governors to be known as
propraetors and to hold office for as much longer
than a year as should please him ; he made them
wear the military uniform, and a sword, with which
they are permitted to execute even soldiers. For
no one else, whether proconsul, propraetor, or pro-
curator, has been given the privilege of wearing a
sword without also having been accorded the right
to put a soldier to death ; indeed, this right has been
granted, not only to the senators, but also to the
knights who are entitled to wear a sword. So much
for this. All the propraetors alike employ five
lictors, and, indeed, all of them except those who
were ex-consuls at the time of appointment to
governorships receive their title from this very
number.2 Both classes alike assume the decorations
All the editions previous to that of Boissevain gave **six
lictors," an error corrected by Mommsen {ROmischea Stoats-
rechty i«. p. 369, note 4).
225
VOL. VI. •
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eTrerpeyJrav Kai rLve<; Kal iiriTevaiv dvrl r&v
ffovXevT&v eOvr) riva Trpoaera^av,
1 Koi Bk., T6 VM.
226
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of their position of authority >yhen they enter their b.c. 27
appointed province and lay them aside immediately
upon completing their term of office.
It was thus and on these conditions that the
custom was established of sending out ex-praetors
and ex-consuls respectively as governors of the two
classes of provinces. In the one case, the emperor
would commission a governor to any province he
wished and when he wished, and many secured
provincial commands while still praetors or consuls,
as sometimes happens even at the present day. In
the case of the senatorial provinces, he assigned
Asia and Africa on his own responsibility to the
ex-consuls, and all the other provinces to the ex-
praetors ; but by public decree, applicable to all the
senatorial governors, he forbade the allotment of any
senator to a governorship before the expiration ot
five years from the time he had held office in the
city.i For a time all who fulfilled these require-
ments, even if they exceeded the number of the
provinces, were allotted to governorships ; but later,
inasmuch as some of them did not govern well, the
appointment of these officials, too, was put in the
emperor's hands. And thus it is, in a manner of
speaking, the emperor who assigns these governors
also to their commands ; for he always orders the
allotment of precisely the number of governors that
there are provinces, and orders to be drawn whom-
soever he pleases. Some emperors have sent men of
their own choosing to these provinces also, and have
allowed certain of them to hold office for more than
a year ; and some have assigned certain provinces to
knights instead of to senators.
^ This was merely a renewal of the decree of 52 B.C. which
had remained in force. Cf. xl. 46, 2, and lii. 20, 4.
227
Q 2
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DIO\S ROMAN HISTORY
5 TavTa fjueu oiirco tot€ irepl tov<; ffov\€VTa<;
TOv<; ye koX Bavarovv tov? ap'Xpfiivov^ i^ovalav
e'xavra^ ivofiiaOtf. irefiirovTai yap koX 0I9 ovk
e^eari tovto, e? /jlcv to, rov hrjfiov 7^9 t€ /SovXij^
Xeyofieva edvrj ol re rafiLevovre^, ov^ av 6 /cXrjpo^
airoSei^, Kal 01 irapeSpevovre^ roi^ to xvpo^ rrj^
6 ap^r]<i exovatv, ovto) yap av dp6&^ avTov<;, av
TTpo^ TO ovofia aWa irpo^ ttjv irpa^Lv, &air€p
ehrov, fcaXeaatfic, iirel ol ye ^ aWot irpea^evTh^
KoX TOVTOV^ €XKrjvL^ovTe(; ovofidi^ovai. fcal irepl
fiev T^9 iircxX'^aecof; TavTr)(; apKovvTca^ ev toIs
7 avco Xoyoi^ eiptfTai, tou9 3^ St) irapeSpov^; auT09
eavT(p ^KaaTO^ alpevTat, eva fiev oliaTpaTrjyrffcoTe^;
€fc T&v 6fjLol(ov a-<j)Laiv fj Kal t&v viroSeeaTipayv,
T/0€t9 Be ol viraTevKOTe^ Kal ck t&v ofioTipxav, ovs
&v Kal 6 avTOKpcLTODp BoKCfidarj, eKatvoTOfujOrf
fxkv yap ti koI KaTa tovto 1/9, aW' eTreiBtj Ta^v
eiravaaTO, dpKeaei t6t€ avTo Xe'xjdrfvai,
16 Hepl fiev ovv t^ tov Brjfiov eOvrj Tav0* ovtod
yCyverar TrifiirovTav Se Kal €9 t^ erepa, tcL tov
T€ ovTOKpaTOpof; ovofia^ofieva Kal iroXiTiKh aTpa-
Toireha irXeito €J/o9 e'XpVTa, oi virdp^ovTh a-ifxop,
vw avTov eKelvov to fikv irXelaTov €K t&v eaTpa-
T'qyqKOTcov ffhrj Sh Kal eK t&v TeT a fuevKOTcav rj
Kal aXXr]v Tiva dp')(t)V t&v Sict fxeaov dp^dvTcov
alpov/jLCVoi,
^ yeH. Steph.,T€ VM.
228
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BOOK LIII
These were the principles established at that p.c. 27
time in regard to the particular class of senators /
who had the right to inflict the death penalty upon /
their subjects in the provinces. For it should be \
stated that there is a class who have not this right, —
those, namely, who are sent to the provinces styled
the ^^ provinces of the senate and people," — I mean
those who serve either as quaestors, being designated
by lot to this office, or as assessors ^ to those who
hold the actual authority. For "this would be the
correct way for me to style these officials, having
regard not to their name, but to their duties as just
described, although others in hellenizing their title
call these also ^^ envoys." ^ Concerning this title,
however, enough has been said in what precedes.^
As to assessors in general, each governor chooses his
own, the ex-praetors selecting one from their peers
or even from their inferiors, and the ex-consuls three
from among those of equal rank, subject to the
emperor's approval. For, although a certain change
was made in regard to these men also, yet it soon
lapsed and it will be sufficient to mention it at the
proper time.
This is the system followed in the case of the
provinces of the people. To the others, which are
called the imperial provinces and have more than
one citizen-legion, are sent officials who are to govern
them as lieutenants; these are appointed by the
emperor himself, generally from the ex-praetors,
though also from the ex-quaestors, or men who have
held an office between the praetorship and the
quaestorship.
1 Legati, Cf. Iv. 27, 6.
* rrpeafievTai. This, the literal translation of legally was
in fact the ordinary Greek term. • See chap. 13, 5.
229
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DIO S ROMAN HISTORY
2 T&v fiev Br} ovv /3ov\€v6vrcov ravra ex^rai, €k
Se Bt) t&v iTTTricov tov<; re x^\idp')(pv<;, fcal tov9
^ovKevaovra^^ koI tou9 Xotirov^, &v irepl t/)?
Sca<f>opa<; avoo fwt, rov \6jov 7rpo€Lp7)rai, avrb^; 6
avTOKpdrcop tol'9 fjiev €? ra iroXcrtKci Tei)(7f P'Ova
T0V9 hi K(ii €9 ra ^eviKa airoariXKei, &(T7r€p rore
3 7r/)09 rov ^ Kaiaapo^; ivofuadrj' fcal roif^ iTrcrpo-
TTOV^; (out© fyap roif^ rd^ re Koiva<; irpoa'6Bov<;
i/c\iyovra<; Koi ra irpoa-reray/jLeva a<f>i(nv dvdki-
(TKovra^ 6vofid^ofi€v) €9 rravra ofioiax; rh edm), rd
T€ eavrov Brj Kal rh roif Brjfwv, rov^ pkv ifc rwv
government in this manner, you will both enjoy
215
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DIGS ROMAN HISTORY
8 TOiovTOV^ aireBev^a, civ S' ahvvarri(T'qre fcal otiovv
avr&v TTpa^ac, ifik fikv fieravorjaai iroLTjaere, rrjv
Se Si) TTokcv 69 T€ itokifiov^ iroWov^ KOi 69 Kivhv-
11 ToiavTa rod Kaiaapo<; avaXeyovro^ ttoikiKov
ri TToBo^ rov<i ^ovXevTCL^ KaTeXdfi/Savev. oXiyoL
fi€v yap rrfv re Zidvoiav avrov ^Zeaav kclic rovrov
KaX avveaTTovha^ov avr^' r&v 8* aWcov oi fiev
virdirrevov tA \ey6fieva oi hk iiriarevov (r<f>io-i,
Kol Bta ravra fcal iOavfia^ov ofioifo^ dp^orepoc,
2 ol fM€v Tffv irepcri'XV'qaLV axfTOv oi Sk rrjv yvcofirfv,
/cat rjx^ovTO oi ph^ rfi Trpayp^reia avrov oi Sk ry
p,€Tavoia. to T€ yhp Brjp^oKpaTiKov ^Srj Ttj/^9 ci)9
/cal araaiABe*; ipiaow, Kal ttj psTaardaei t%
iroXireia^; ^piaxovro, t^ t€ Kaiaapi e\;afcpoi/.
fcal dir* avTtov rot^ p,ev iraOrfp^ai Sia(l>6poi<; to2^
3 Be iirivoijpaaiv 6poioi<; i)(pS)VTO. oirre yhp wi'
(TTevaavre^ dXriOSx; avrh Xeyetrdai 'xaipeiv iBv-
vavTO, OV0* oi fiovX6p,€POi ^ tovto Sih to Bio^, ov0*
oi €T€poi Bih T^9 iXiriBa^;' ovt diriaTijaavTe^
Bia^aXelv t€ avrov /cat iXiy^ai ir6Xp,a)v, oi p,€v
4 OTL i(f>o^ovvro, oi S* on ovk ifiovXovro, odevirep
Kal mareveiv avr^ Trdvre^; oi pev rjvayKd^ovro
oi Be eTiXdrrovro. KaX iiratveiv avrov oi p,lv ovk
iddpaovv oi S' ovk rjOeXov, dXXd jroXXh pev Kal
pera^v dva/yuyvooaKOvro^ avrov Biefiotov iroXXd
Be Kal perd rovro, pu>vap^eia0ai re Beopevoi Kal
^ fiov\6nevoi B. ISteph., fiov\ev6fA€voi VM.
2l6
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BOOK LIII
prosperity yourselves and you will gratify me, who
found you engaged in wretched strife and made you
what you now are ; but if there is any part whatever
of this programme that you shall prove unable to
carry out, you will cause me to regret my action and
you will at the same time cast the city again into
many wars and grave dangers."
While Caesar was reading this address, varied
feelings took possession of the senators. A few of
them knew his real intention and consequently kept
applauding him enthusiastically ; of the rest, some
were suspicious of his words, while others believed
them, and therefore both classes marvelled equally,
the one at his cunning and the other at his decision,
and both were displeased, the former at his scheming
and the latter at his change of mind. For already
there were some who abhorred the democratic con-
stitution as a breeder of strife, were pleased at the
change in government, and took delight in Caesar.
Consequently, though they were variously affected
by his announcement, their views were the same.
For, on the one hand, those who believed he had
spoken the truth could not show their pleasure, —
those who wished to do so being restrained by their
fear and the others by their hopes, — and those, on
the other hand, who did not believe it did not dare
accuse him and expose his insincerity, some because
they were afraid and others because they did not care
to do so. Hence all the doubters either were com-
pelled to believe him or else pretended that they did.
As for praising him, some had not the courage and
others were unwilling ; on the contrary, both while
he was reading aijd afterwards, they kept shouting
out, begging for a monarchical government and urging
217
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DIOS ROMAN HISTORY
iravra ra €9 toOto <f)€povra iirikiyovref;, fJ^expt^
5 o5 /eaT7]vdy/eaaav hrjdev avrov auTa/)%/}<rat. koI
TrapavTL/ca ye tol^ Bopv(f>op'>]aova'iv avrov SiTrXd-
aiov Tov fiiadov rod roi<i aXXoi<; arparicorai^
SiBofiepov ylrrj<f>iaOr]vac hierrpd^aro} oiroa^ CLKpi^rj
rtfv ^povpdp €XV- 0(5x0)9 c!)9 dXrjOm xaradeaOai
rrjv iiovap'XicLV iireOvfiTfo-e.
12 T^i^ fiev ovv 'qyefioviav rovr^ r^ ^ rpoir^ teal
irapd T7J9 yepovaia^; rod re Sijfiov ifi€$aia>aaro,
fiovXrfOeU Be Brj fcal 0)9 Br}fwrtK6<; Tfc9 eivat So^av,
rrjv fi€V <f)povriBa ri]v re irpoaraaiav r&v kolv&v
TT&aav ft)9 /caX hnpLekeia<; rivo<; Beofievcov vireSi-
^aro, ovre Sk rrdvroDv avro^ r&v idv&v ap^eiv,^
2 ov6^ ocayv &v dp^rj, Bid rravro^ rovro TTOirjaeiv
€(l>rf, akXd rd fiev da-Oevearepa &<; koX elprjvaia
Kot diroXefia direBcofce rfj fiovX^,^ rd 8' la')(yp6repa
<»9 icaX (T^aXepd koX iinKLvBvva /cat fjroi rroXe-
filov^ rivd^ rrpoaoiKov^; e'Xpvra rj /cat avrd KaS"
3 eavrd piya ri veoarepiaai Bvvdfieva Karea'^e, \6y(p
fiev OTTO)*; rj fiev yepovaia dBew rd KaXKiara t^9
dp'vrj^ Kapir^ro, avro<i Be tou9 re irovov^ teal rov<;
KivBvvov^ exfj, €py(f} Be Xva erfi ry irpot^daei
ravrrj exelvoL fiev xal doirKoi Koi dfiaxoi &<riv,
auT09 Be Brj fiovo^ zeal oirXa exfl ^^ ar pandoras
4 rpe<l>rf. koX evofdaO'q Bid ravra rj fiev ^AippiKrj
zeal rj ^ovfiiBva fj re ^Aaia kuI rj 'E\\^9 fierd
rrj^ ^Hneipov, xal rb AeXfiarifcov ro re Ma/c€-
BoviKov Koi 'ZifceXia, Kpijrrj re fierd Ai^vrf^ rrj^
^ Sifirpd^aro Bk., hi€Tpd^avro VM Xiph.
^ ry Xiph., T€ VM.
» &pi€ty Bk., &px€iy VM Xiph.
* Tj fiovXf Xiph. Zon., om. VM.
218
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BOOK LIII
every argument in its favour^ until t hey forced h im. b.c. 27
as it was made tcTappear, to ass ume aut ocratic power.
His very first act was to secure a decree granting^to ;
the men who should compose his bodyguard double '.
the pay that was given to the rest of the soldiers^ so
that he might be strictly guarded. When this was /
done, he was eager to establish the monarchy in j
very truth.
In this way he had his supremacy ratified by the
senate and by the people as well. But as he wished
even so to be thought democratic, while he accepted
all the care and oversight of the public business, on
the ground that it required some attention on his
part, yet he declared he would not personally govern
all the provinces, and that in the case of such pro-
vinces as he should govern he would not do so
indefinitely; and he did, in fact, restore to the
senate the weaker provinces, on the ground that
they were peaceful and free from war, while he
retained the more powerful^ alleging that they were
insecure and precarious and either had enemies on
their borders or were able on their own account to
begin a seripus revolt. His professed motive in this
was that the senate might fearlessly enjoy the finest
portion of the empire, while he himself had the
hardships and the dangers ; but his real purpose was \
that _by this arrangement the senators should be /
unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone
had arms and maintained soldiers. Africa, Numidia,
Asia, Greece with Epirus, the Dalmatian and Mace-
donian districts, Crete and the Cyrenaic portion of
319
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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
irepX Kvpijvrjv xal HiBvvia fi€TCL rod irpoa-Keifievou
ol TlovTOV, ^aphd} T€ KciX ^aniKT} rov re Sij/ulou
5 teal T7j^ yepovaia^ elvai, rov Bk Sij KaLa-apo^ rj re
\onrij *lj37)p[a, rj re irepl TappaKoova xal 17 Aval-
ravia, xal FaXaTai 7rdvT€<;, 0% re ^apPoav/iaioi
Koi oi AovyBovvTjacoi ^A/cviravoi re /cal ^eKyiKol}
6 ainoi re xal ol eiroiKoi a-ijxov KeXr&v yap tiv€<;,
069 Sf) Tepfjuivov^ KuXovfiei/, irdaav rifv 7rpo<; t^
'Piyi/^ BeXyiKTfV^ /caraaxovre^ TepfiavLav ovo-
fid^eaOac iiroiriaav, ttjv fiev av(0 rifi/ fiera ra?
Tov irorafiov irrjyd^;, rrjv he Kdrto ttjv /lixpi' tov
7 a)K€avov tov UpcTTavLKov oiaav, ravrd re ol>v
KoX rj XvpCa 17 KoiXrj /eakovfievrj fj re ^otvifcr} /cat
KcXifcia teal Kv7rpo<; /cal Aiyvirrioi iv ry rov
Kaia-apo^ jjuepiSb rore ^ iyevovro* varepov yhp rrjv
fi€v KvTTpov /cal Tffv TaXaTiav rrfv irepl T^dpfitova
T^ Sif/A^ aTreBay/cev, avrb<; S^ rijv AeXp^ariav
8 avriXafie. /cal tovto fiev Kal iir aXXmv i0v&v
p,€Tct TavT iirpdxOr), w? irov Kal ri BU^oSo<; rov
Xoyov BrjX(oa€r Tavra Be ovtod xareXe^a, on vvv
Xft)/)l9 e/caarov avr&v rfyefioveverai, iirel to ye
dpxcuov /cal iirl iroXv /cal avvBvo Kal avvrpia ret
9 edvT) dfia fipx^ro. r&v Be Br) Xoiir&v ovk epvt)-
jMoveva-a, on ret p,kv va-repov avr&v TrpoaeKTijdi],^
ra Be, el Kal Tore ijBt) e/ce^et/Moro, aW' ovri ye
Kal VTTO r&v 'PoyfuiLcop rjpxero, dW' rj aifrovofia
a^etro fj Kal ^aaiXetac^i rialv eTrererpairTO' Kal
1 BtXyiKoi Bs., $t\TiKoi VM.
* BeKyiK^iv Bs., jScXtiic^v VM. ^ r6rt M, om. V.
* irpoatieHiBil "V, irpoircicriiffBii M.
220
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BOOK LIII
lAhysL, Bithynia with Pontus » which adjoined it, b.c. 27
Sardinia and Baetica were held to belong to the,
people and the senate ; while to Caesar belonged the 1
remainder of Spain, — ^that is, the district of Tarraco '
and Lusitania, — and all the Gauls, — ^that is, Gallia 1
Narbonensis, Gallia Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and-
Belgica, both the natives themselves and the aliens
among them. For some of the Celts, whom we call
Germans,^ had occupied all the Belgic territory
along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany,2
the upper |M)rtion extending to the sources of that
river, and the lower |M)rtion reaching to the British
Ocean. These provinces, then, together with Coele-
Sjrria, as it is called, Phoenicia, Cilicia, Cyprus and
Egypt, fell at that time to Caesar's share ; for after-
wards he gave Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis back
to the people, and for himself took Dalmatia instead.
This same course was followed subsequently in the
case of other provinces also, as the progress of my
narrative will show ; but I have enumerated these
provinces in this way because at the present time
each one of them is governed separately, whereas in
the beginning and for a long period thereafter they
were administered two and three together. The
others I have not mentioned because some of them
were acquired later, and the rest, even if they were
already subjugated, were not being governed by
the Romans, but either had been left autonomous or
had been attached to some kingdom or other.^ All
^ See note on xxxviii. 34.
* Dio's name for Germany proper is KeXnicfi ; when he uses
the name Tepfiayiaf as here, he refers to the provinces of that
name, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, both lying
west of the Rhine.
• Cf. chap. 26 and liv. 9.
221
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DIOS ROMAN HISTORY
avT&v oaa fier^ tovt €9 Tr)v r&v ^Vayfiaioyv ap^^v
a<f)L/c€ro, T^ del KparovvTC irpoaeT€07f.
13 Tct /jb€P ovv eOvrj ovtco ScrfpiOrj, fiovXtfOel^ he Bi)
teal W9 6 Kataap TroppoD <r^a^ airayayeip rod tc
fiovapx^/cov <f>pov€lv Bo/ceiv, €9 S4/ca errf rijv cLpyr]v
r&v hoOivrcDV oi virearf}' rotrovT^ re yctp XP^^^
KaraarrjaeLV avra uTreer^eTO, /cat rrpoaeveavtev-
aaro elirwv on, av /cal Oarrov f}ixep(o6fj, Oarrov
2 avroL^ Kol eKelva diroSaxreu /ea/c rovrov irpojrov
fikv avroif^ rov<; ^ov\evrcL<; exariptDv r&v iOv&v,
rrXrjv Atyvirrioov, apx^cv /careBet^ev {ixeivoL^; yap
Brj fiovoi^ rov wvofiaa-fiivov imrea, Bi airep elirov,
irpO(T€ra^€vy eireira Bk tou9 piv fcal eireTqaiov^i
icaX K\r}p(orovf: elvac, TrXijv et rtp rroXvrraiBia^ fj
3 ydp^v TTpovofua irpoa-eirf, /cat €k re rov koivov rrj^
yepovaia^ avWoyov Trefiireadai p^rire ^L<\>o^ irapa-
^covvvfiivovf; firfve a-rpariayriKy iaOrjri x/0ft)/i€i/oi;9,
Kol dv0V7rdrov<; /caXeladac fit) on tov9 Bvo rov<;
v7rarevKora<s dWa fcal tou9 aWov<; rov^ ix r&v
4 iarparrjyrjKorayv fj BoKOvvroyv ye iarparrjyTj/civai
fiovov ovra<;, pafiBovxot><% re a^a<; exarepov^;
oaoiairep xal iv r^ darei vevofuajai xprja-ffai,
Koi rd T^9 dp)(rj<: iTriarjfia koI irapaxp^p^ dp.a
1 In li. 17, 1.
^ The details of the earlier legislation of Augustus (cf. liv.
16, 1 ; Iv. 2, 6) in the interest of more marriages and larger
families are not clear ; but as finally embodi^ in the Lex
Julia et Papia Poppaea (cf. Ivi. 10), the special privileges of
a father of three legitimate children (the ius irium liherorum)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
BOOK LIII
of them which came into the Roman empire after b.c. 27
this period were added to the provinces of the one
who was emperor at the time.
Such, then, was the apportionment of the pro-
vinces. And wishing, even then, to lead the
Romans a long way from the idea that he was at all
monarchical in his purposes, Caesar undertook for
only ten years the government of the provinces
assigned him ; for he promised to reduce them to
order within this period, and boastfully added that,
if they should be pacified sooner, he would the
sooner restore them, too, to the senate. Thereupon
he first appointed the senators themselves to govern
both classes of provinces, except Egypt. This '
province alone he assigned to a knight, the one we
have already named,i for the reasons mentioned
there. Next he ordained that the governors of
senatorial provinces should be annual magistrates,
chosen by lot, except when a senator enjoyed a
special privilege because of the large number of his
children or because of his marriage.^ These govern-
ors were to be sent out by vote of the senate in
public meeting; they were to carry no sword at
their belt nor to wear military uniform ; the name of
proconsul was to belong not only to the two ex-
consuls but also to the others who had merely served
as praetors or who held at least the rank of ex-
praetors; both classes were to employ as many
lictors as were usual in the capital ; and they were
included the right to receive inheritances left to bachelors
(who could not inherit), preference in standing for the various
offices, including the right to be a candidate before the regu-
lar age or without the usual interval between offices, pre-
cedence before equals and colleagues, and exemption from
certain civic obligations.
223
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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
T^ ef 0) Tov iroDfi'qpLov yeveaOac irpoariOeaOai koX
Bicb iravTOf; /A€%pt9 av avaKOjJLta-O&aLV e-xeiv ifce-
5 Xeva-e, tov<; Se krepov^ viro re iavrov alpecaOac
Kal 7rp€aj3€vrct<; avrov dvTi(TTpaT'^yov<; re ovofid-
^eadai, kSlv etc r&v vTrarevKorayv &ai, Siira^e.
tS)v yctp Br) Svo tovtcov ovofxaTcov eVl irXelaTOv iv
TTJ BrjfjLOKparCa avOrjo-dvrcov, to fiev rod arpaTT)-
yov To?9 alperol^i &<; koX T(p iroXe/Kp ^ diro tov
irdvv dp')(aiov irpoarJKOV eSayxev, dvTLaTpaTriyov<;
a(f)d^ irpoaeiTToav, to Be Bf) tS>v virdToav Tot9
eripoi^ ft)9 fcal elprfvifcoDTepoi^i, dvOvirdTOV^; avTov^
6 eiriKaXiaa^;, avTct puev yhp tol ovofiaTa, to tc
TOV (TTpaTTjyOV Kol TO TOV vwdTov, €V Tjj IraXtflt
CTT] prjae, tov^ Be e^ay irdvTa^ o)9 xaX dvT ifceivcov
dp'XpvTa^ Trpoa-rjyopevae. ttj t€ ovv iirifcKriaei
TTj T&v dvTiaTpaTTjytov T0U9 aipeToi)^ 'X^pfja-ffai,
Kol €7rl TrXeto) Kal iviavTOv ^povov, i(f>* oarov av
eavT& Bo^y, dp')(eLV iiroi'qae, tjjv t€ (tt par lout lkt^v
afcevrjv (f>opovvTa<i Kal ^i<\>o^, 0I9 ye Kal aTpaTKO-
7 Ta9 BiKai&a-ai e^eaTiv, e^ovTa^, dXK(p yap ovBevl
ovTe av0V7rdT<p ovTe dvTKTTpaTrjy^ oihe eTnTpoTro)
^i(l>r}(f>opetv BeBoTai, c5 fiff Kal (TTpaTicoTrjp tivcl
diTOKTetvai i^eivai vevofitaTar ov yctp otl toI^
PovXevTals dXKa koX toI^ liTTrevaiv, oh tov0
8 virdpxec, Kal eKelvo avyK€x<opr)Tai, TavTa fiev ovv
oi5Tft)9 ^X€t, pa^Bovx^^^ ^^ ^V 'JrevTe irdvTe^; ofioCax;
oi avTiCTodTTfyoi %/)a)i;Tafc, koI o<toc ye ovk eK t&v
viraTevKOTODv elai, kaI ovo/Jid^ovTai in avTov tov
^ T^ iroXc/j-q) M, rod iroXefiov V.
^ Legati Augttati pro praetor e.
• The expression to which Dio here refers is apparently
the adjective qninque/ascalis, found in inscriptional Latin.
224
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BOOK LIII
to assume the insignia of their office immediately
upon leaving the pomerium and were to wear them
constantly until they x'eturned. The other governors,
on the other hand, were to be chosen by the emperor
himself and were to be called his envoys and
propraetors,^ even if the men selected were ex-
consuls. Thus, of these two titles which had been
in vogue so long under the republic, he gave that of
praetor to the men chosen by him, on the ground
that from very early times it had been associated
with warfare, calling them propraetors ; and he gave
the name of consul to the others, on the ground that
their duties were more peaceful, styling them pro-
consuls. For he reserved the full titles of consul
and praetor for Italy, and designated all the governors
outside of Italy as acting in their stead. So, then,
he caused the appointed governors to be known as
propraetors and to hold office for as much longer
than a year as should please him ; he made them
wear the military uniform, and a sword, with which
they are permitted to execute even soldiers. For
no one else, whether proconsul, propraetor, or pro-
curator, has been given the privilege of wearing a
sword without also having been accorded the right
to put a soldier to death ; indeed, this right has been
granted, not only to the senators, but also to the
knights who are entitled to wear a sword. So much
for this. All the propraetors alike employ five
lictors, and, indeed, all of them except those who
were ex-consuls at the time of appointment to
governorships receive their title from this very
number.2 Both classes alike assume the decorations
All the editions previous to that of Boissevain gave **six
lictors," an error corrected by Mommsen {ROmischea Stoats-
rechty i«. p. 369, note 4).
225
VOL. VI. •
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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
dpiOfiov rovTOV. rd T€ t?)? r/ye/jLovia^ KoafjurjfiaTa,
orav re €9 r7)v irpoaTeTay/ievTjv (T<f>iac 'x,^pav
iaikOcocnv, i/cdrepoc ofioico^ dvaXafi/Sdvova-c, koI
eireiZdv Sidp^axriv, evdv^^ KaTarlOevTai,
14 OiJto) jikv Kol €7rl rovroc^ e/c re rcdv ia-rpaTr)-
yrjKoroyv xal i/c r&v vTrarev/corcov ap'Xpvre^; dfi(f>0'
repcoae TrifjLireaOai ivofiiaOrjaav, fcal avT&v 6
fxev avTOKpdroyp oiroc re riva koI oirore rjdeXev
eVreXXe, xal ttoXXoI koX a-Tparijyovvre^ koI
xnraTevovTe^ 'qyeiiovia^ iOv&v €a')(pv, KoX^ vvv
2 eaTLV ore yly perar ry Be Si] ySouX^ iSia fiev to29
T€ virarev/coai rrfv t€ ^Aippixrjv Kal rrjv ^Aciav
fcal T0t9 iarpaTrjyrjKoa-c tA Xoiird irdvra diri-
veifie, KOLvfi Zk Bt) Traaiv avTol<; dTrrjyopevae
firjBeva irpb irevre ir&v fi€TCt to ev rfj iroXec ap^ai
3 KXrjpovaOai, koI %/ooi^ft) p^^v rivi irdvre^; ol
roiovTOi, el kol TrXevov^; r&v eOvcov ^aav, iXdy-
')(avov avjd' varepov Be, iireiBr] Tive<i avT&v ov
ftaXw fip')(pv, T^ avTOKpdropi Kal eKelvov irpoa -
er€0r]aav, xal ourco fcal rovroi^ avrb^ rpoTrov
4 rivd rds rffepovia<; BiBoDaiv. iaapiOp.ov^ re yap
Tot9 eOveai, fcal 0O9 &v eOeXija-rj, KXrfpovaOai
KeXevei, aiperov^ re rive^ /cal i/celae errepLy^av,
Ka\ eirX TrXeico ivcavrov ^(^povov eariv ot<; ap^ac
eTrerpeyJrav Kai rLve<; Kal iiriTevaiv dvrl r&v
ffovXevT&v eOvr) riva Trpoaera^av,
1 Koi Bk., T6 VM.
226
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BOOK LIII
of their position of authority >yhen they enter their b.c. 27
appointed province and lay them aside immediately
upon completing their term of office.
It was thus and on these conditions that the
custom was established of sending out ex-praetors
and ex-consuls respectively as governors of the two
classes of provinces. In the one case, the emperor
would commission a governor to any province he
wished and when he wished, and many secured
provincial commands while still praetors or consuls,
as sometimes happens even at the present day. In
the case of the senatorial provinces, he assigned
Asia and Africa on his own responsibility to the
ex-consuls, and all the other provinces to the ex-
praetors ; but by public decree, applicable to all the
senatorial governors, he forbade the allotment of any
senator to a governorship before the expiration ot
five years from the time he had held office in the
city.i For a time all who fulfilled these require-
ments, even if they exceeded the number of the
provinces, were allotted to governorships ; but later,
inasmuch as some of them did not govern well, the
appointment of these officials, too, was put in the
emperor's hands. And thus it is, in a manner of
speaking, the emperor who assigns these governors
also to their commands ; for he always orders the
allotment of precisely the number of governors that
there are provinces, and orders to be drawn whom-
soever he pleases. Some emperors have sent men of
their own choosing to these provinces also, and have
allowed certain of them to hold office for more than
a year ; and some have assigned certain provinces to
knights instead of to senators.
^ This was merely a renewal of the decree of 52 B.C. which
had remained in force. Cf. xl. 46, 2, and lii. 20, 4.
227
Q 2
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DIO\S ROMAN HISTORY
5 TavTa fjueu oiirco tot€ irepl tov<; ffov\€VTa<;
TOv<; ye koX Bavarovv tov? ap'Xpfiivov^ i^ovalav
e'xavra^ ivofiiaOtf. irefiirovTai yap koX 0I9 ovk
e^eari tovto, e? /jlcv to, rov hrjfiov 7^9 t€ /SovXij^
Xeyofieva edvrj ol re rafiLevovre^, ov^ av 6 /cXrjpo^
airoSei^, Kal 01 irapeSpevovre^ roi^ to xvpo^ rrj^
6 ap^r]<i exovatv, ovto) yap av dp6&^ avTov<;, av
TTpo^ TO ovofia aWa irpo^ ttjv irpa^Lv, &air€p
ehrov, fcaXeaatfic, iirel ol ye ^ aWot irpea^evTh^
KoX TOVTOV^ €XKrjvL^ovTe(; ovofidi^ovai. fcal irepl
fiev T^9 iircxX'^aecof; TavTr)(; apKovvTca^ ev toIs
7 avco Xoyoi^ eiptfTai, tou9 3^ St) irapeSpov^; auT09
eavT(p ^KaaTO^ alpevTat, eva fiev oliaTpaTrjyrffcoTe^;
€fc T&v 6fjLol(ov a-<j)Laiv fj Kal t&v viroSeeaTipayv,
T/0€t9 Be ol viraTevKOTe^ Kal ck t&v ofioTipxav, ovs
&v Kal 6 avTOKpcLTODp BoKCfidarj, eKatvoTOfujOrf
fxkv yap ti koI KaTa tovto 1/9, aW' eTreiBtj Ta^v
eiravaaTO, dpKeaei t6t€ avTo Xe'xjdrfvai,
16 Hepl fiev ovv t^ tov Brjfiov eOvrj Tav0* ovtod
yCyverar TrifiirovTav Se Kal €9 t^ erepa, tcL tov
T€ ovTOKpaTOpof; ovofia^ofieva Kal iroXiTiKh aTpa-
Toireha irXeito €J/o9 e'XpVTa, oi virdp^ovTh a-ifxop,
vw avTov eKelvov to fikv irXelaTov €K t&v eaTpa-
T'qyqKOTcov ffhrj Sh Kal eK t&v TeT a fuevKOTcav rj
Kal aXXr]v Tiva dp')(t)V t&v Sict fxeaov dp^dvTcov
alpov/jLCVoi,
^ yeH. Steph.,T€ VM.
228
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BOOK LIII
These were the principles established at that p.c. 27
time in regard to the particular class of senators /
who had the right to inflict the death penalty upon /
their subjects in the provinces. For it should be \
stated that there is a class who have not this right, —
those, namely, who are sent to the provinces styled
the ^^ provinces of the senate and people," — I mean
those who serve either as quaestors, being designated
by lot to this office, or as assessors ^ to those who
hold the actual authority. For "this would be the
correct way for me to style these officials, having
regard not to their name, but to their duties as just
described, although others in hellenizing their title
call these also ^^ envoys." ^ Concerning this title,
however, enough has been said in what precedes.^
As to assessors in general, each governor chooses his
own, the ex-praetors selecting one from their peers
or even from their inferiors, and the ex-consuls three
from among those of equal rank, subject to the
emperor's approval. For, although a certain change
was made in regard to these men also, yet it soon
lapsed and it will be sufficient to mention it at the
proper time.
This is the system followed in the case of the
provinces of the people. To the others, which are
called the imperial provinces and have more than
one citizen-legion, are sent officials who are to govern
them as lieutenants; these are appointed by the
emperor himself, generally from the ex-praetors,
though also from the ex-quaestors, or men who have
held an office between the praetorship and the
quaestorship.
1 Legati, Cf. Iv. 27, 6.
* rrpeafievTai. This, the literal translation of legally was
in fact the ordinary Greek term. • See chap. 13, 5.
229
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DIO S ROMAN HISTORY
2 T&v fiev Br} ovv /3ov\€v6vrcov ravra ex^rai, €k
Se Bt) t&v iTTTricov tov<; re x^\idp')(pv<;, fcal tov9
^ovKevaovra^^ koI tou9 Xotirov^, &v irepl t/)?
Sca<f>opa<; avoo fwt, rov \6jov 7rpo€Lp7)rai, avrb^; 6
avTOKpdrcop tol'9 fjiev €? ra iroXcrtKci Tei)(7f P'Ova
T0V9 hi K(ii €9 ra ^eviKa airoariXKei, &(T7r€p rore
3 7r/)09 rov ^ Kaiaapo^; ivofuadrj' fcal roif^ iTrcrpo-
TTOV^; (out© fyap roif^ rd^ re Koiva<; irpoa'6Bov<;
i/c\iyovra<; Koi ra irpoa-reray/jLeva a<f>i(nv dvdki-
(TKovra^ 6vofid^ofi€v) €9 rravra ofioiax; rh edm), rd
T€ eavrov Brj Kal rh roif Brjfwv, rov^ pkv ifc rwv
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