Dio's Roman history, with an English translation online

success of the festival which he gave as aedile that he
had sheltered the Forum during the whole summer
by means of curtains stretched overhead and had
exhibited on the stage a dancer who was a knight,
and also a woman of high birth, nevertheless he had
not entrusted to him the monarchy, but actually had
preferred Agrippa before him. Thus it would appear
that he was not yet confident of the youth's judg-

^ Suetonius (Aug, 29, 4) names this theatre among various
other buildings which Augustus *' nomine cUieno . . . fecit.**

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a\V T^TOi Tov Srjfiov rrfv eKevOepLav KOfiiaaaOat
rj fcal TOV ^AypLTTTrav rrjv ^ye/wviav irap eKeivov
XajSetv '^OeXrjaev €v re yhp riiriaraTO 7rpoa'<f>i\rj
a^taiv €9 rh fiaXiaTa avrov ovra, koli ovk
e^ovXjeTO irap eavTOv Brj hoKelv avrr^v iiriTpeTre'
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oifc iTnTrjSeid)^ t^ ^AypLinra Sect tovt expvTa,
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oiai avfil3y, ea-TCiKe, fcal 09 ifc [xev ttj^ 7ro\6ft)9
€v0v<: i^(opfir)a-€V, ov fiivTOi koX 69 Tr)v Xvpiav
d<f>iK€TO, aXV €Ti Kol fidWov fiCTpcd^cDv ixeiae
fiev Tov^ vTroaTpaTif/ov^ eire/Jbyftev, avTO^ S^ iv
Aea^tp SicTpiylre.

2 TavTa T€ oi;Tft)9 6 AvyovaTO^ iTroirjae, koI
(TTpaTTiyov^ Bixa, 0)9 ovBev cti ttXciovodv he6fievo<;,
aTreSetf 6* koX tovto koI eTrl TrXeico ctt) iyivcTO.
CfieWov Sk avT&v ol fiev SXKot t^ avTcb dwep kcCL
irpoadev iroirjaetv, Svo Bk iirl ttj hioiKrjO'ei oaa

3 eTrj yevrja-eadai. hiaTa^a^ 8k TavTa d)s CfcaaTa,
aTTCATre ttjv viraTeiav €9 to^ ^AXfiavbv iXOdv*
iirel yctp auT09, ef ovirep tcl irpdypxiTa KaTecTrj,
Kol T&v aXKoDv ol 7r\€tou9 Bi 6T0VS fjp^av, iiri-
a-'xelv T€ TOVTO avOi^, Siroa^ oti irkelaTOi vira-
Tcvaxriv, '^deXrjae, koX efo) tov acTeco^ avTo

^ rh supplied by Bs.

^ D. Magie (" The Mission of Agrippa to the Orient in
23 B.C.," in Classical Philology, iii., 1908, 145 ff.) points out
the difficulties in the popular version of Agrippa's journey to
Lesbos, and suggests that he was in reality sent out by

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BOOK LIII

ment, and that he either wished the people to regain b.c. 23
their liberty or for Agrippa to receive the leadership
from them. For he well understood that Agrippa
was exceedingly beloved by them and he pre-
ferred not to seem to be committing the supreme
power to him on his own responsibility. When he
recovered, therefore, and learned that Marcellus be-
cause of this was not friendly toward Agrippa, he
immediately sent the latter to Syria, so that no
occasion for scoffing or for skirmishing might arise be-
tween them by their being together.^ And Agrippa
straightway set out from the city, but did not reach
Syria ; instead, acting with even more than his usual
moderation,^ he sent his lieutenants thither, and
tarried himself in Lesbos.

Besides doing all these things in the manner
related, Augustus appointed ten praetors, feeling
that he no longer required a larger number;^ and
this happened for several years. Most of them were
to perform the same duties as formerly, but two were
to be in charge of the financial administration each
year. Having arranged these matters in detail, he
went to the Alban Mount and resigned the consul-
ship. For ever since conditions had become settled,
both he himself and most of his colleagues had held
the office for the whole year, and he now wished to
end this practice, in order that as many as possible
might become consuls ; and he resigned outside the

Augustus on a diplomatic mission calling for secrecy —
nothing less, in fact, than for the purpose of inducing
Phraates to return the captured Roman standards and
receive in return his son. Ci. chap. 33, 2 inf.

» Cf. liv. 11, 6.

' Under Julius Caesar the number had been as high as
sixteen ; see xliii. 49, 1, and 51, 4.

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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 iiroiriaev, Xva fiij /caoXvdfj. kol iirl re tovt^
eiravvov &'Xe> fcal on Aov/ciov av& eavTov S77-
ariov avdeiXero, aei re Tcp ^povrtp dvairovha-
aavra Koi iv Trdai rol^ TroXefiot^ avarpaTei-
aavra, kolI en koX Tore koI fivrj/JLOvevovra avrov
fcal el/covwi e'XpvTa kol iiraivov^; irocov/Jbevov

TO T€ yctp (j)tXlKOV KCU TO TTLaTOV TOV aj^S/OO?

ou fiovov ovK ifiiarjaev aW^ kuI iTifirja-e.

5 Kal Sia ravS* fi yepovata hrjfiapxov t€ avTov
Sia j3iov elvav i\lrr)(j)ia-aTO, Koi XprifiaTL^eLV
avT^ irepl €V09 rcvo^; ottov av ideXijarj /cad^
i/cdaTYfv fiovX'qv, /cav /jltj viraTevrit ehtoKe, rijv re
apyrjv ttjv avOinraTOV iaael KaOdira^ eyeip c5<rT€
fii]T€ iv TJj iaoBfp TTj eia-G) tov TroD/jLTfpLov Kara-
Tldea-dat avTr)v firjr av0i<; avaveova-0ai, xal iv
T^ vTTTjKocp TO ttXcIop t&v kicacTaxoOl cLpxpv-

6 TOi>v laxv€iv iTreTpesjrev, ckJ)^ oh Srj koI iKelvo^
Kal oi p^T avTov avToicpwrope^ iv v6p,(p hrj tivi
Toi^ T€ dWoi^ Kal TTJ i^ovala ttj Sr)p,apyifc^ ^XPV'
aavTO* TO yap tol 6vopu avTO to t&v orjp,dpy<ov
ovd* KvyovaTO^ ovt dWo^ ovSeU avTOfcpaTtop

33 Kat p^oi hoKct Tav6* ovtco t6t€ ovk i/c tcoXa-
Keia^ ttW' iir* dXrjOeia^ Tip^rjOeh Xafieiv. Ta re
ydp aXKa S^ ekevOepoL^ a(f)iai Trpo<Te(f>epeTOy Kal
iTreiBf) 6 p,€V TipiBdTTj^ ^ avrS^, irapcL he Srj tov
^padrov irpi<r^€L<:, 6<^' 0I9 avTSveKoKovv aXKrj-
XoA9 d(f)LK0VT0, 69 TTjv jSovXrfv avTov^ iariyaye,
2 KoX pjBTa TovT iTTiTpaTreh Trap' aifrrj^; rijv Bid-

^ Tiptddrris Dind., rtipiidrris VM (and similarly just
below).

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city, to prevent being hindered from his purpose. b.c. 23
For this act he received praise, as also because he
chose in his stead Lucius Sestius, who had always
been an enthusiastic follower of Brutus, had fought
with him in all his wars, and even at this time kept
alive his memory, had images of him, and delivered
eulogies upon him. Augustus, it would appear, so far
from disliking the man's devotion and loyalty, actually
honoured these qualities in him. And because of
this the senate voted that Augustus.- should, be
tribune for life and gave him the privilege of bring-
ing "ISefore %e "senate at each meeting any one
matter at whatever time he liked, even if he were
not consul at the time ; they also permitted him
to ^hold once for all and for life th^ -office. of pro-
consul, so that he had neither to lay it down upon
entering the pomerium nor to have it renewed again,
and they gave him in the subject territory authority
superior to that of the governor in each instance.
As a result both he and the emperors after him
gained a certain legal right to use the tribunician
power as well as their other powers ; for the title '
of tribmie itself was taken neither by Augustus nor
by any other emperor.^

And it seems to me that he then acquired these
privileges as related, not by way of flattery, but
because he was truly honoured ; for in most ways he
comported himself toward the Romans as if they
were free citizens. Thus, when Tiridates in person
and envoys from Phraates came to settle their mutual
recriminations, he brought them before the senate ;
and afterwards, when the decision of the question
had been referred to him by that body, he did not

1 Cf. chap. 17, 10.

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yv(oaiv Tov fihp TtpiSaTrjv T(p ^padrji ovk
i^eSayfcev, tov S* viov airr^, hv Trporepov irap
iKcivov XaySft)!/ el'xev, aTreTre/Jbyjrev iirl r^ tov^ re
ai')QiaX(i>TOV<i xal ret arjfjieia Tct (TTpariwriKct Tci
ev T€ rfi TOV Kpaaaov fcal iv ttj tov ^Avrcoviov
avpAJ>opa aXovTa KOfiiaaadat,

3 Kai/ T& avT& TOVT^ eret ayopavop^ov re Tiva
T&v KaTaheeaTepmv airoOavovTa Fa^o? "KaXTTOvp-
vto^, fcavTOi TTporjyopavop^rjKW iv toIs afieivoat,
SieBi^aTo, oirep iir* ovhevo^ dXKov fivrjfwveveTai
yev6fjL€vov' kclv Ta?9 avo')(al<; Svo /ca0* exdaTTjv
rjfiepav i7ro\tdpxv<^^^> ^^^ ^I? 76 rt? avT&v ovS*

€9 fieipaKld ^ TTO) T€\CJV 0/AG)9 ^P^€V.

4 Ahiav fiev ovv rj Aiovia tov davaTOv tov
MapxiXKov ecryev, oti Tcav vUcov avT7J<; Tr/ooere-
TifirjTO* 69 dfJL<l>L^o'Kov S* oiv 17 vTToyjria avTr) teal
VTT itceivov tov ctov^ xal vtto tov erreiTa, ovt(o
voaayS&v yevofievwv^ cScrre irdw 7roWov<; iv av^

6 Tol'i diroXeaOai, naTea-TT}, /cat (fyikei ydp 7ra)9
del Ti irpo T&v toiovtcov Trpoa-rjfiaiveaffaL, Tore
fjikv XvKO^ T€ iv T^ aaT€i avv€\ri<f>6ri, KaX irvp
'X^eifKOV T€ 7roWo49 olKoBofiTjfiao'iv iXVflTJvaTO, O T€
Ti^epi^ av^r]0€l^ Trjv re ye<f>vpav ttjv ^vXIvtjv
KUTeavpe koI ttjv itoKlv Tr\a)Tr}V iirl Tpei^ rjfiipa^
hroLrjae,

* fietpdKid V. Herw. , ixeip^KiSv VM.

* vo<TooZS>v ycyofx4vo»v Bk., voata^ovs ytvofiivov VM.



273



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surrender Tiridates to Phraates, but sent back to the b.c. 23
latter his son whom he had once received from him
and was keeping,^ on condition that the captives
and the military standards taken in the disasters of
Crassus and of Antony should be returned.

During this same year one of the minor aediles
died and Gaius Calpumius succeded him, in spite of
having served previously as one of the major aediles.^
This is not recorded as having occurred in the case
of any other man. During the Feriae there were two
prefects of the city for each day ; and one of them
held the office in spite of the fact that he had not
yet the standing even of a youth.

Livia, now, was accused of having caused the ^
death of Marcellus, because he had been preferred
before her sons ; but the justice of this suspicion be-
came a matter of controversy by reason of the
character both of that year and of the year follow-
ing, which proved so unhealthful that great numbers
perished during them. And, just as it usually hap
pens that some sign occurs before such events, so on
this occasion a wolf was caught in the city, fire and
storm damaged many buildings, and the Tiber, ris-
ing, carried away the wooden bridge and made the
city navigable for boats during three days.

1 Cf. li. 18, 3.

• By "minor" and ** major" aediles Dio means the
plebeian and curule aediles respectively.



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BOOK LIV



a. 'Hs itrifitKriral tSov i5«v in tup i<rrpaTriyiK6ro»v^ Kar4irrri<rav.
fi. *Cis itrifieXriral rod ffiTTipefflov 4k tuv 4arpaTinyi\K6rmv^
KarfffTtiffcw.

7. *ns N^piKov* 4d\M,

8. *n$ 'Potr/a I<£a«.

c. 'Cls at "AA-ircts at irapaOaKdffffioi *Po»fial(av aKo^eiv ijp^avTo.

C 'A$ rh ^ Tov Bdkfiov Oiarpop KaBitpdoBii.

Tf. 'As rh ^ rod MapK4k\ov 64arpov KaBiepdBri.

6. 'n$ *Ayplirvas iLir40av€ Koi t^v Xtpp6vinirov AHyovffros

iKT-fiaaro,
I. *n$ ri Aw70w<rT({\ia icaTe(rTij.

Xp6vov n\^6os trri rpia koI S4Ka, 4v ots Hpxovrts ol itptOfiovfiiyoi
o^Sf iyivovro

M. KAat;5tos* M. wi. M({/)kcAAo$ Aierepvivos ' ^^

A. *Appovvrtos A. i//.

M. A<JA\toj«M. vt.^ -

K.8AtiufAioj M. u/.' A^iri5os '^^

M. *A7rov\4ios ^® 2^|toi; u/. -

n. 2fAios" n. ut. Nepovas

r. ScKTcos r. VI. "XaTovpvTtros H

K.^* AovKpiirios K. ui. OwtflrirfA.A.ai' ^'

Fv. KopK^Aios A. vt. A€yrov\os ^

n. Kopi'^A.tos n. t/i. Aei^ot/Aos MapircAAtvos

r. *oipvios r. i/t.^* ,/

r. *lo{,vios^^ r. v/. 2iA.ovbs •

^ i<rrpaT7jynK6r<i)V M, 4KirrparTjyriK6ro»y V.

* N<&piKoy Bs., NdpiKos VM. ' ri supplied by Bs.

* KAo<J8io» H. Steph., /c\' VM.
® Alcrepytvos Xyl., al<r4piyo5 M, iierepiyos V.



180



• M. A<iAA.tos supplied by Xyl.

' M. vi supplied by Bs. « k. supplied by Xyl.



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BOOK LIV



The following is contained in the Fifty-fourth of Dio's
Borne: —

How road commissioners were appointed from among the

ex-praetors (chap. 8).
How grain commissioners were appointed from among the

ex-praetors (chaps. 1 and 17).
How Noricum was captured (chap. 20).
How Rhaetia was captured (chap. 22).
How the Maritime Alps began to yield obedience to the

Romans (chap. 24).
How the theatre of Balbus was dedicated (chap. 25).
How the theatre of Marcellus was dedicated (chap. 26).
How Agrippa died and Augustus acquired the Chersonese

(chaps. 28, 29).
How the Augustalia were instituted (chap. 34).

Duration of time, thirteen years, in which there were the
magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : —

B.C.

22 M. Claudius M. F. Marcellus Aeserninus, L. Arruntius

L. F.
21 M. LoUius M. F., Q. Aemilius M. F. Lepidus.
20 M. Apuleius Sex. F., P. Silius P. F. Nerva.
19 O. Sentius C. F. Satuminus, Q. Lucretius Q. F. Vispillo.
18 On. Cornelius L. F., P. Cornelius P. F. Lentulus

ia. ar cellinus
17 C. Furnius C. F., C. Junius C. F. Silanus.



* AifxlKios M. VI. supplied by Bs.
1® *Airov\4ios Bs., &no6\ios VM.
" 2i\ios Xyl., <re*A VM. " K. Reim., \ VM^

^' OburirlWtcv Dind., ovKmidKwv M, ovKTCindXwv V.
" vl, M, iw V.
" r. ^loivios Xyl., IT ovivios VM.

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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

A. Aofilrtos Vv. vL^ Fv. ^77. *ATjv6fiapfios^ 3

n. Kopi^A.io$ n. wi. n. ^77. ^KVKiwv

M. A10U105 * A. m\. ^povffos Aifiuv tf 3

A. KaA.irotipvio$ A. vL Ilicwy ^povyi *

M. AtKipvios M. t/i. Kp({<r<ros' «

Tv. Kopi^Atos rv. ut. AeyrovXos

TijS. KAavSios ^ Tt)8. vi. N^p»v <j

n. KwivT(A.tos® 24^rov vl. Obapos '*

M. OvoXepiojS M.10 ut. MecrcrciAos Bdpfiaros ^^ g^

n. SouXir^Ktos n. Vl. Kvpiyios

TlavXos ^dfiios ^^ K. vl. Md^ifios t,

K, Ar\4os" K. vi. Tov&tpav *^'^'

*lov\\os ^* *kvr^vios *® M. vl. « ^

^Ki^piKwU K. ♦c£^tos K. w/. *''^*

T^ S* einf^i/fuofiivfp^'^ erei, iv ^ MdpKO<: t€
MdpKeWo^ /cat Aov/cio^ ^Appovvrco^ vTrdrevaav,
?! T€ 7ro\t9 ireXayia-avTOf; aidt^ tov irorafiov
eifKevaOr], xal fcepavvol*; aX\a re TroXXa i0\i]0rj
Kol oi avhpvdvTe^ ol iv t^ HavOeitp, OxTre fcal
TO Sopv €K T^9 TOV AvyovaTov %€i/0O9 i/CTTecreiv,
TTOVOVfievoi oiv viro re Trj<; voaov kclL vtto tov

2 \ifiov (ev T€ yhp TTj 'IraXta irdcrrj 6 Xot/A09
iyivcTO Kol ttjv ycopav ovSeU elpydaaTO' Bokco S'
OTC Kol iv Tol<; efo) ycopLot^ to avTO tovto avvrj-
vix'^v) vofiLaavTe^ oi ^VcDfialoi ovk aXKco^ a^ia-i
TUVTa avfi/Se^rjKevat, dX)C oti firj kol t6t€ irrra-

3 TBVOVTa TOV AvyovaTov eaxov, Si/cTaTopa avTov
ffdekriaav Trpoxsipta-aaOai, /cal Tfjv t€ jSovXrjv

1 Tv. vl R. Steph., \y vl. VM.

2 *Ariv6fiapfios R. Steph., iLvri6fiap$os M, oivp6$apfios V.
^ WIT. supplied by Bs.

* Aiovtos Leopard, A. lo^vios M, A. ovvios V.
fi ^povyi (*pvy\) R. Steph., ^oiprios VM,

* Vi. Kpd4r<ros supplied by Xyl.

' Tifi. KXa^Bios H. Steph., t /S /cA V, rifi, kK M.

* Ki/<rriA(os Xyl., /c vi vM.

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BOOK LIV

B.C.

16 Li. Doniitius Cn. F. Cn. N. Ahenobarbus, P. Cornelius

P. F. P. N. Scipio.
15 M. Liviua L. F. Drusus Libo, L. Calpurnius L. F. Piso

Frugi.
14 M. Licinius M. F. Crassus, Cn. Cornelius Cn. F. Lentulus.
13 Tib. Claudius Tib. F. Nero, P. Quintilius Sex. F. Varus.
12 M. Valerius M. F. Messalla Barbatus, P. Sulpicius P. F.

Quirinus.
11 Paulus Fabius Q. F. Maximus, Q. Aelius Q. F. Tnbero.
10 lullus Antonius M. F., Africanus Q. Fabius Q. F.

The following year, in which Marcus Marcellus b.c. 22
and Lucius Arruntius were consuls, the city was
again submerged by the overflowing of the river,
and many objects were struck by thunderbolts,
especially the statues in the Pantheon, so that the
spear even fell from the hand of Augustus. The
pestilence raged throughout all Italy so that no one
tilled the land, and I suppose that the same was the
case in foreign parts. The Romans, therefore, re-
duced to dire straits by the disease and by the
consequent famine, believed that these woes had
come upon them for no other reason than that they
did not have Augustus for consul at this time also.
They accordingly wished to elect him dictator, and

» Oitapos M. Oba\4pios Xyl., ovavirrtpos ovdpios V, oh ouw'
y€poirovdpios M. ^ M. H. Steph., fjuLpKov VM.

11 M€<r<rd\as Bdpfiaros Xyl., fi4(nra\os &p^ros V M.
" ♦iiSios Xyl., it>\ VM.
i» K. AXKios H. Steph., kui \ VM.

« *Arr<ipios Xyl, iyra,p7vos VM. /• ^' supplied by Bs.
1' iwiy tyvofi4vtp Bk., iiriy^vofA^pw VM.



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DIGS ROMAN HISTORY

KaTaK\€i<ravT€^ 69 to avvehpiov iTrrjudyfcaaav
TOVTO y^rj^ia-aaOat, aTreCKovvre^ a<f)a<; KaTairprj'
aevv, KoX fieTCL ravra t^9 pd^hov^ T^<i reaaapa^
Kol ecKoa-t \afi6vT€^ irpoa-PjXOov avrcp,^ hiKraropd
T€ apu heop^voL Xe^dijvai Kot iTTLpskrjTrjv tov
cLtov, Kaddirep irore tov Hop^nijLOi/, yeviaOaL.

4 KOL 09 toOto p,€V dvayKaio)^ iSe^aro, koI iKekevae
Svo avhpa^ r&v irpo irevre ttov del ircov iarpa-
TTjyrjKOTcov Trpo^ rrjv tov aiTOu Siavop^rjv kut
eT09 aipelaOai, ttjv Be BiKTUTopiav ov irpoa'^fcaTo,
dWct KoX Trjv iadrJTa irpoaKaTepprj^aTO, eireLhri
p/rjBiva TpOTTOV aWct)9 <r<^a9 iinaxclv, p,i]T€ Bia-

6 \€y6p,€P0^ p,T]T€ SeofJLevo^;, '^Bvvi]0yj' Tqv re yhp
e^ovaiav KaX ttjv TipJqv icaX virep tou9 BiKTaTopa^
e%G)i/, opOS)^ TO T€ iiri^Oovov koX to fucqTov

2 T^9 eiTLKXrio'em^ avT&v ^ €<f)v\d^aTO, to S' avTO
TOVTO /cat Tip^rjTTjv avTOV Sta ^Lov ^eipoTOV7]<Tai
^ov\ofjL€V(ov €7roirja€V' ovt€ yap ttjv dp)(^r}v vire-
ffT^, Kol €v0if^ €T€pov<; TCfirjTa^;, HavXov re At/u-
Xiov AiiriBov KaX Aovkiov MovvaTiov UXdyKop,
TOVTOv pkv dB€K<\>ov tov YiXdyKOv ifceivov tov
iirLKTjpv'xjSevTO'i ovTa, tov Be Brf AeiriBov avTov

2 ToT€ 6avaTQ)0€VTa, aTriBei^ev. eaj(^aTOi Brj^ ovtoi
Tr)v Ttp,r)T€iav IBi&Tai apu ea^ov, Zairep ttov
KaX irapaxprjp^ avTol^ iBrjXcoOrf to yap ^rjfia
d<j>* oh Ti Trpd^eiv t&v TrpoarjKovTwv a<f>Laiv



284



owT^ Zon. , avrhv VM. * auruv M, avrhv V.

8 ^il V, om. M.



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shutting th ^^^ ^^V

£;r/^-ton:s^,r?« their ^

T^y^Tt^^ £i^r - e b7&P'-e,they

named rf1\ ®«8^V hL "^ ^odsi ;„i'®«ds. Next
*^« «iif '****"• ««d to ,*"^««ent ?d approached
«*^ceS° .^"PPij',^ as P„ ''«<=OD,4 b*>th to being
reefed *^ '^tte/du^P^J'had^oni^'^^^^ioner of"

!- *CX*;°^^ -^o td"? "^ c&'^ion, and
*end to thJl^^^'-s previa, ^^'^ed =« ^ annually,

other wa^^f^^aWe to °1*'5 gari^^n^* *^« <>«««-
r^'^ed toel*f*i^ the lr*'"««l^hic?2^«'-iy guarded

""^^"""^^ae. ^'-a""- I.'^'^l'^^g^l-ly attended .



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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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BOOK LIV

collapsed as they ascended it on the first day of their b.c. 22
holding the office, and was shattered in pieces,
and after that no others of the same rank as these
became censors together. Even at this time, in
spite of their having been chosen to the position,
Augustus performed many of the duties belonging \
to their office. Of the public banquets, he abolished I
some altogether and limited the extravagance of 1
others. He committed the charge of all the j
festivals to the praetors, commanding that an 1
appropriation should be given them from the public
treasury, and also forbidding any one of them to
spend more than another from his own means on [
these festivals, or to give a gladiatorial combat unless
the senate decreed it, or, in fact, oftener than twice
in each year or with more than one hundred and
twenty men. To the curule aediles he entrusted
the putting out of fires, for which purpose he granted
them six hundred slaves as assist^mts. And since
knights and women of rank had given exhibitions
on the stage even then,i he forbade not only the
sons of senators, who had even before this been
excluded, but also their grandsons, so far, at least,
as these belonged to the equestrian order, to do
anything of the sort again.

Although in these measures he showed himself, in
form as well as in name, both law-giver and arbitrary
ruler, in his behaviour generaHyLtie was. moderate, to
such a degree, in fact, that he even stood by some of »j
his friends when their official conduct was under:
investigation. Also when a certain Marcus Primus
was accused of having made war upon the Odrysae
while he was governor of Macedonia, and declared at

1 Cf. liii. 31.

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BOOK LIV

one moment that he had done it with the approval b c. 22
of Augustus, and at another with that of Mareellus,
Augustus came of his own accord to the court-
room ; and upon being asked by tlie praetor whether
he had instructed the man to make war, he denied
it. And when the advocate of Primus, Licinius
Murena, in the course of some rather disrespectful
remarks that he made to him, enquired : " What are
you doing here, and who summoned you ? '* Augustus
merely replied: ^^The public weal." For this he
received praise from the people of good sense and
was even given the right to convene the senate
as often as he pleased ; but some of the others
despised him. At all events, not a few voted for the
acquittal of Primus, and others formed a plot against
Augustus. Fannius Caepio was the instigator of it,
but others also joined with him. Even Murena was
reported to be in the conspiracy, whether truly or by
way of calumny, since he was immoderate and un-
restrained in his outspokenness toward all alike.
These men did not stand trial, and so were convicted