Dio's Roman history, with an English translation online

and aediles^ who had previously been entrusted with
this duty, were performing it through their assistants,
and in consequence some mistakes and confusion
occurred.

It was voted that the temple of Janus Geminus,
which had been opened, should be closed, on the
ground that the wars had ceased. It was not closed, b.c. lo
however, for the Dacians, crossing the Ister on the
ice, carried off booty from Pannonia, and the Dal-
matians rebelled against the exactions of tribute.
Against these people Tiberius was sent from Gaul,
whither he had gone in company with Augustus ;
and he reduced them again to submission. The
Germans, particularly the Chatti, were cither
harassed or subjugated by Dinisus. The Chatti, it
seems, had gone to join the Sugambri, having
abandoned their own country, which the Romans
had given them to dwell in. Afterwards Tiberius
and Drusus returned to Rome with Augustus, who
had been tarrying in Lugdunensis much of the time,
keeping watch on the Germans from near at hand ;
and they carried out whatever decrees had been
passed in honour of their victories or did whatever
else devolved upon them.

^ See vol. ii. 477, and note.

" rris Rk., Ti)jT6 VM.

♦* AovyiovpiSi R. Steph., XovybwviSt VM.

" otros Reim., oSrws VM.

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T(i8c iv€<mv iv r^ it^vrtiKotrr^ jriikirr^ tup Aiuvos 'PufAoiKAy

a. 'tis Apovffos kiciBckvcv.

fi. *ns rh Aiovlas r4fi€Vos xaBitpd^.

7. 'tis rh * Ay phiFOU irtiiov KCtOup^dfi.

8. 'tis rh iipifiir^piop^ KoBitp^Bri.

€. *Cls Tifidpios is *P6^op kv^x^pViTtv.

(. 'tis ri Avy OT^ffrov kyoph, Ka0i€p<&$n.

n. 'tis 6 TOW "^Ap^ws Pahs 6 4p owt^ ^p Ka$t€p(c$fi.

$, 'tis AovKios Ktuffap Koi Vdios Koiieap kittBapop.

I. 'tis Aiiyov(rros Tifitpiop i-KOffiffaro.

K. 'tis Atouia irtipijptff^p Avyovirrtp <l>i\av$p(ait6Tepop &pxc<''*

A. Ilepl r&p ffTparoirt^wp koL &s ol rk arpariuriKh XP^H-^'''^

ZioiKiiffOPr^s Kar4<rrrieap,

fjL, 'tis ol wiero<pv\aKes Kariarnffcof .

,v. 'tis AtKudrais K(d Uavvopiots Ti$4pi0S 4iro\efififf€p.

Xp6pov irKriBos ^rri lirroKa/Scira, 4p oh Apxovrts oi apiOfiovix^Poi
oV8« 4y4povro

li4p<av Khavhios Tifi. vl. Apovffos g
T.2 KvivKTios T. vl. KpiffiriPos
r. MdpKtos A. vl.^ KriPffofptvos u
r. *Affi»yios^ r. vL TdWos
Tifi. KAo^Jtos* TijS. vl. N4pu>p rhfi'^ 9
ry.« Ka\wo6pptos Tv.' vl. Tllffwp*
A4Ktfios Aa(\ios AcKifiov vl. Bdhfios »
r. *Aprlffrios F. 1;/. Ovcrcp



^ipifiirJopiov lis.f ^tiptfitrSpiov M.
r. Bs., T« M. ^ A. vl. supplied by Be.

Afflvvios Bs., hoidvios M. * K\a6Ztos Xyl., k\* M.
Vv. supplied by H. Steph. ' Tv. H. Steph., y M.



Digitized by VjOOQIC



BOOK LV



The following is contained in the Fifty-fifth of Dio's
RoTne : —

How Drusus died (chaps. 1, 2).

How the Precinct of Livia was dedicated (chap. 8).

How the Campus Agrippae was dedicated (chap. 8).

How the Diribitorium was dedicated (chap. 8).

How Tiberius retired to Rhodes (chap. 9).

How the Forum of Augustus was decUcated (lacking).

How the Temple of Mars therein was dedicated (chap. 10).

How Lucius CJEkesar and Gains Caesar died (chap. 10 a).

How Augustus adopted Tiberius (chap. 13).

How Livia urged Augustus to rule more mercifully (chaps.

14-21).
About the legions and how men were appointed to manage ^

the military funds (chaps. 23-25).
How the night-watchmen were appointed (chap. 26).
How Tiberius fought against the Dalmatians and Pannonians

(chaps. 29-34).

Duration of time, seventeen years, in which there were
the magistrates (consuls) here enumerated :—

B.C.

9 Nero Claudius Ti. F. Drusus, T. Quinctius T. F.

Crispinus.
8 C. Marcius L. F. Censorinus, C. Asinius C. F. G alius.
7 Ti. Claudius Ti. F. Nero (II), Cn. Calpumius Cn. F.

Piso.
6 Decimus Laelius Decimi F. Balbus, C. Antistius C. F.

Vetus.

® nlaau Borghesi, wia»u rh hcurtpov M.
• 0ir. supplied by Bs.

377



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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fJjyovffTos rh i0' «

A.* KoptrfiKtos n. vL 2uAAas

h KoKovifftos r. vt. Sa/Sivos -

A. Tlcunririvos . . . vt. 'Povipos^

A.* KoprSi\ios A. vt. AerroDXoj «

M. O&aA^p<05 M. VI. Meffffd\as MtffffaXlvos^

AifyovffTos rh 17' ^

M. nXat^rios M. v^ J^i\ovav6s

K6<r<ros Kopvii\ios Tv. vl AcktoSAoj «

A. KoAirot/pvios Tj/. vL Uiffwv

r. Kaitrap Avyovffrov* vl. -

A. Alfil\ios A. v<. HavAos

n. Oviv/icios'' M.* vt. g 8

n. 'AX^iJvos^ n. vl. Ovapos

A. Ar\tos» A. vL Ao/i/oi" g^

M. 2€povl\ios^^ M. vt.

2€|tos ArXioj^^ K. vl. Kdrot g^

r. Scvrtos r. vl. SaTovpviVOj^*

A. Ova\4pios Tlorlrov vl. fUtaffdKas Ob6\anros ^* « ^5

Vv. KopyiiKios A. vl. Klvi/as M(£7Vor

M. AlfilKios A. vt. AcirtSof .^

A. *Appov»rtos A. vl.

A5\." AikIvios Ati\. vt." Nepovos" StA.ioi'iis^* ^ 22

K. Koi«(A.tos«> K. vl.2i M€T«\Xof Kpirrtic<{s *^*

M. *oi;ptoj2' M.2* wl. K(£MtA\oi ^

Scf Nti»vios26 r. vl.2« KvtVTtXioi'iJs ^^'

Tavra fiiv iiri re tov ^IovXKov ^' ^Avtcdplov kcu
iirl ^a^iov Ma^ifiov viraTcov iyeveTo,'^ t^ Se
i^o/jL€V^ €T€i 6 Apovcof; fji^TCL IlLtov ^picvLvov

^ A. KopvhXios . . . vl. 'FQv<f>os supplied by Xyl. and Bs.

2 A. supplied by R. ISteph.

^ M€aaa\ivo5 Mommsen, ij Miffffa\7vos M.

* Auyo6ffrov Reim., aSyovtrros tov M.

^ OvivIkios Bs., ohiviKios % fiivo^Ktos M. * M. Xyl., v. M.

^ *AX<p9ivos Bs., ii\(privot fl aX^^vtos M.

" Obapos Sr. Bs., iir oi/apoy M.

^ A. A^Aioj R.'Steph. , kai\ios M. '" Aafiias R. Steph. , rafitas M.
" ^€povi\tos R. Steph. , ffopovi\ios M. ^^ AfXtos Bs. , alfiiKtos M.
^' Sarovpi'cvor Leuncl., ffarepvipos M.
" OdAatcros Xyl., ovdXaiffos M.
" 0ir. supplied by Bs, >• A^A, Bs., oSaoj M.

378



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BOOK LV

B.C.

5 Augustus (XII), L. Cornelius P. F. Sulla.

4 C. Calvisius G. F. Sabinus (II), L. Passienus . . . F. Rufus.

3 L. Cornelius L. F. Lentulus, M. Valerius M. F. Messalla

Messallinus.
2 Augustus (XIII), M. Plautius M. F. Silvanus.
1 (yossus Cornelius Cn. F. Lentulus, L. Calpumius Cn. F.

1 C. Caesar Augusti F., L. Aemilius L. F. Paulus.

2 P. Vinicius M. F., P. Alfenus P. F. Varus.

3 L. Aelius L. F. Lamia, M. Servilius M. F.

4 Sextus Aelius Q. F. Catus, C. Sentius C. F. Saturninus.

5 L. Valerius Potiti F. Messalla Volesus, Cn. Cornelius L.

F. Cinna Magnus.

6 M. Aemilius L. F. Lepidus, L. Arruntius L, F.

7 A. licinius A. F. Nerva Silianus, Q. Caecilius Q. F.

Metellus Creticus.

8 M. Furius M.i F. Camillus, Sex. Nonius C. F. Quin-

tilianus.



The events related happened in the consulship of
lullus Antonius and Fabius Maximus. In the follow-
ing year Drusus became consul with Titus Crispinus^

^ Or P., if we follow the form given in the Fasti CapitoUni.

^' A0X. vL supplied by Bs. ^* t^ipovas R. Steph., oitepvas M.

" :Zi\tay4s B«., <rt\av6t M. ^ K. KmKi\ios XyL, k' KatXios M.

2J K. vU siyppliecl by Bs. » g,^ supplied by Bs.

23 ^o6pios Xyl., (povpvios M.

^ Instead olp M. vU Bs. would read n. vi. See Fasti Capitol..

28 sdtvios H. Steph., p<&vvios M.

*•*• A. vL Leuncl., y. vl M. ^ 'Io6kKov Bs., iovKiov M.

^ The words rewra . . . iyiytro ikppear at the end of liv. in
VM ; Bk. placed here. V breaks off at this point ; of, pref .
to vol. i. p. XXV.

379



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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

vTrdrevae, koI avT^ (rrjfiela ovk dyada avvrjvexOv*
TToXXd fiev yap Koi aXKa fcal %€t/Lw5i/^ /caX K€paxnfoi<i,
TToXKol Be Kal vaol €(f>Odprja'av, &<tt€ koX top tov
A^09 TOV KaTTCTcoXiov tS)v t€ (Tvwdcov avTOV Ka-

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T7j<; Xovrjj3ia<;, rrjv re iv Troalv ovk aTaXaiTTcopay*;
'X€ipovp.€Vo<; Kal tov9 'rrpoap,iyvvvTa^ ol ovk dvai-
yLMorl KpaT&v, KavTCvdev 7rp6<; re tt^v X.€pov<TKiBa ^
p^riarrj, Kal tov Ovcaovpyov^ Sial3a<; fjKa^re

3 p^expt' TOV ^AK^LOV, irdvTa iropOSyv. eKelvov yap
{pel he eK t&v OvavBaXtK&v 6pa>v, Kal €9 tov
d>K€apov TOP irpoadpKTiov ttoXX^ p^yedec eKSi-
htoaiv) efre-xi^Lpriae pev Trepacaydijvai, ovk i^Bvvrj0ij
Be, dkXd TpQiraia (TT'^aa*; dvexc^prjae' yvvrj ydp
Tt9 pLei^cdv Tj KaTCL dvdpcoTTov (f>v(Tiv dTravTTjaaaa
auTft) €<l>r) *' TTol BrjTa iTreiyrj, Apova-e aKopeaTe ;
OV irdvTa a-oi TavTa IBeiv ireirpoDTat. dX)C diridi*
KoX ydp <TOi Kal t&v epycov koI tov fiiov TeXevTr^

4 rjBr) TrdpecTTU* 6avpLa<TT0V p^v oiv to Tcva <f>a>v^i/
irapd ^ov Baipoviov TocavTrjv Tq> yeveadai, ov
pAvTOi Kai. dTTKTTelv e^o)- irapaxprjpu yap direfir),
(TirovBrj T€ viroaTpeyjravTOf; avTOV Kal iv Trj oB&
voa<p Tcvi, TTplv ijrl tov 'Vtjvov ikOelv, TeXevT'^-

5 aavTO^, Kai p^i T€Kp,r)piol to Xe'^Oev oti Kal
\vKOi irepl to (TTpaToireBov vtto tov ddvaTov
avTov TrepcvoaTovvTe^ capvovTOy Kal veavicKoi Bvo
Bid p^ecov TOV Ta<j)pevpaTo<; BuinrevovTe^ &<l>07)'
aav, dprfVQS t€ Tt9 yvvacKeco^ '^Kovadrj, Kal d<7T€-
pcov BiaBpopLal iyevovTo,



Xtpovaxi^a Bk. , x^^P^^^f^^ ^'
OUaovpyov Reim., ohffiaovypov M.



380



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BOOK LV

and omens occurred that were anjrthing but favour- b.c. o
able to him. Many buildings were destroyed by
storm and by thunderbolts, among them many
temples; even that of Jupiter Capitolinus and the
gods worshipped with him was injured. Drusus,
however, paid no heed to any of these things, but
invaded the country of the Chatti and advanced as
far as that of the Suebi, conquering with difficulty
the territory traversed and defeating the forces that
attacked him only after considerable bloodshed.
From there he proceeded to the country of the
Cherusci, and crossing the Visurgis, advanced as far
as the Albis,^ pillaging everything on his way. The
Albis rises in the Vandalic Mountains,^ and empties,
a mighty river, into the northern ocean. Drusus
undertook to cross this river, but failing in the
attempt, set up trophies and withdrew. For a
woman of superhuman size met him and said :
'^ Whither, pray, art thou hastening, insatiable
Drusus ? It is not fated that thou shalt look upon
all these lands. But depart; for the end alike of
thy labours and of thy life is already at hand." It
is indeed marvellous that such a voice should have
come to any man from the Deity, yet I cannot
discredit the tale ; for Drusus immediately departed, '
and as he was returning in haste, died on the way of
some disease before reaching the Rhine. And I find
confirmation of the story in these incidents : wolves
were prowling about the camp and howling just
before his death ; two youths were seen riding
through the midst of the camp ; a sound as of
women lamenting was heard ; and there were
shooting stars in the sky. So much for these events.

* The Elbe. ^ The RicBengebirge.

381



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DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

2 Tavra fiev oi;to)9 €a")(^€, irpOTrvdofievof; 8' 6 Av-
yovaro^ OTt. voaei (oi yap ffv iroppto), rov Tifieptov
/carh Ta;^09 hrep.'^e* koI 09 c/jlttvovv t€ avTov
tcariKa/Se koX airodavovra €9 rrjv ^Fdfirjv eKOfuae,
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Scd T€ T&v kfcarovrdp^ayv Koi Sict t&v 'XiXidp)(€i)v,
ixeWev 8h Bia r&v Ka6* €KdaT7)V irokiv TrptoTODV

2 ^aardaa^, fcal avrov iv Tjj dryopa Trporedevro^
SiirXovf; 6 i7nTd<f>io(; iXexOrf' o re y^p Ti/Sipto^;
ivravda avrov iir'pvea'e, fcal 6 Avy ovaro^ iv r&
^Xa/jLiviq> iTnroBpofi^' i^earpdrevro ydp, xal ovk
tjv oi odiov firj ov rcL KadrjKOvra iirX roi<; /careip-
yaapAvoc^ irap avrfjv rrjv eiao) rov irwp/qpiov

3 eaoSov irrcreXeaai. Kal 6 p^v €9 re rb ^Apeiov
rrehlov virb r&v imrecovy rcov re €9 rrjv ImrdSa
aKpifiw reXovvrcov xal r&v i/c rov ^ovXevrifcov
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rov Avy ov<T rov p,vr)p,€L0V KarereBrj, TeppaviKo^ re
pera r&v iraiBcov iirovopaaOei^, /cal ripd^ Kal
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'Ptjvq) Xa/Swv,

.4 'O Sk Si) Ti/3epio<; r&v re AeXpar&v Kal r&v
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avrov Kparrfaa^, rd re iirl rov Ki\rjro<: hnviKLa
errep'y^e, Kal rov ht]px)v roif^ p^v iv r& KaTnrctyXCijp
roif^ S' aXXodi TroXXaxoOi iSeiTTviae. Kav rovTijp
Kal rj Aiovia perci t^ 'Ioi;Xta9 ra^ ywaiKa^ eia-ri-



382



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BOOK LV

Augustus^ upon learning of Drusus* illness before jb.c. 9
it was far advanced (for he was not far off), had sent ;
Tiberius to him in haste. Tiberius found him still
breathing, and on his death carried the body toi
Rome, causing the centurions and military tribunes
to carry it over the first stage » of the journey, — ^as
far as the winter quarters of the army, — and after
that tlie foremost men of each city. When the body
had been laid in state in the Forum, two funeral ora-
tions were delivered : Tiberius pronounced a eulogy
there in the Forum, and Augustus pronounced one
in the Circus Flaminius. The emperor, of course,
had been away on a campaign, and it was not law-
ful for him to omit the customary rites in honour
of his exploits at the time of his entrance inside
the pomerium.^ The body was borne to the Campus
Martins by the knights, both those who belonged
strictly to the equestrian order and those who were
of senatorial family ; ^ then it was given to the flames
and the ashes were deposited in the sepulchre ot
Augustus. Drusus, together with his sons, received
the title of Germanicus, and he was given the further
honours of statues, an arch, and a cenotaph on the
bank of the Rhine itselif.

Tiberius, while Drusus was yet alive, had over-
come the Dalmatians and Pannonians, who had once
more begun a rebellion, and he had celebrated the
equestrian triumph,* and had feasted the people,
some on the Capitol and the rest in many other
places. At the same time Livia, also, with Julia,
had given a dinner to the women. And the same

^ He could not return the customary thanks to the gods
at this time because he was in mourning ; hence he remained
outside the pomerium until his period of mourning should be
at an end. » Cf. liv. 2, 5. « The omtio.

383



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DIO S ROMAN HISTORY

5 aae. ra S' avra ravra koX t^ Apouatp fiToifjud^ero'
Kai ye ai dvo^cu Bevrepov rrfv xa/oti/ avTOV, vpo^:
TO Tct vLK'qTripia iv eKeivai^ avrhv eoprdcrai, yeinj-
aeaOai cfieWov. dW* 6 fikv TrpoairooXeTO, rj Se Sf)
Aiovia elfcovcov re iirl irapafivdia Irup^e, koX €9

6 tA? fjLf)T€pa<; T^9 TpU^ TeKovaa^ iaeypaff)?). oh
ydp dv TO haLfioviov, eXr ovv dvhp&v etre yvvai-
K&v, fJLT) h(p TotravrdKi^ rexvAaai, tovtcdv ri^alv
vofjLO^, TTpoTepov fi€V Sid T779 l3ovX7](; vvv Se Sid rov
avTOfcpdropo^, rd t&v Tph ^ yeyepjnjKOTcov Sixaico-
fiara 'X^api^cTai, &<TTe <rf\>d^ fiijTe to*? t^9 dirai-
Sia^ iTTiTifxioi^ ive^eaOac koI Td 7^9 iroXviraiSiaf;

7 dd\a TrXrjv oXiycov riv&v KapirovaOat. /cal avrd
ovK dvdpcoTroi fiovov dXkd koX deal evpicKOprai,
Xv dv T^9 Tt avToh reKevT&v KaraXiirri Xafi/3d-
vcoai.

3 TovTO fjbkv St) Toiovrov iaTiv, 6 S' Kvyovaro^ rd^
T€ T^ yepovaia^ eSpa<; iv prjTai<i rj/Jbepai^i yiyveaOai
ixeXevaev {iireiSif ydp ovSev irporepov dfcpifiw
irepl avT&v irira/cTo xai rive^ Sid rovro 7roWa/ct9
v<TT€pi^ov, Svo ^ /3ov\d<; Kard /JLrjva KVpCa<; direSei-
^€v, &are €9 avrd^ iirdvayKe^, am ye kolI 6 vofio^

2 cKaXei, avp^oirdv koI 07ra)9 ye p/v)^ aWiy p/qSe-
fiia aKrpjn<; t^9 dirovaia^ avrol^ vnapxPf irpoai-
ra^e fifjre SiKaa-rrjpiov firjT dXKo firjSkv r&v Trpoa-'
fjKovTcov (Tifyiaiv iv iteeivtp t£ fcaip^ yiyveaOai),
Tov re dpidfjLov rov 69 rrfv Kvpaxriv tcjv SoypMTtop

^ Tp\s Leuncl., re rpis M. * rpls supplied by Xyl.
' 96o supplied by Casaubon.

384



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BOOK LV

festivities were being prepared for Drusus; even
the Feriae were to be held a second time on his
account, so that he might celebrate his triumph on
that occasion. But his untimely death upset these
plans. To Li via statues were voted by way of
consoling her and she was enrolled among the |
mothers of three children. For in certain cases, j
formerly by act of the senate, but now by the j
emperor's, the law bestows the privileges which
belong to the parents of three children ^ upon men
or women to whom Heaven has not granted that
number of children. In this way they are not
subject to the penalties imposed for childlessness and
may receive all but a few of the rewards offered
for large families ; and not only men but gods also
may enjoy these rewards, the object being that,
if any one leaves them a bequest at his death, they
may receive it.^

So much for this matter. As to Augustus, he
ordered that the sittings of the senate should be
held on fixed days. Previously, it appears, there had
been no precise regulation concerning them and it
often happened that members failed to attend; he
accordingly appointed two regular meetings for each
month, so that they were under compulsion to at-
tend, — at least those of them whom the law
summoned, — and in order that they might have no
other excuse for being absent, he commanded that
no court or other meeting which required their
attendance should be held at that time. He also
(ixed by law the number of senators necessary for

^ See liii. 13, 2 and note.

2 Certain gods and goddesses (see Ulpian xxii. 6) might
locally be named as heirs, but it appears that they had to
fulfil the same conditions as the other heirs.

VOL. VI, C C

Digitized by VjOOQIC



DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ava^Kolov Kaff" eKaarov elSo<; avr&v, &<% ye iv
K€<f>aXaioi^ eliretv, Si€vofjLoO€Tr)a'€, fcal riu ^rjfito)-
fiara to?9 firj Si evXoyov riva alriav T979 awe-

3 Sp€La^ aTToXuTTOixevoL^; eTrrjv^'i^aev. iireihrj re iroK-
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aTi/jL(opY)Ta eicoOe yiyveaOac, K\r)pova0ai re avrovf;
el <TV')(yol TOVTO Trottja-eiav, koX tov aeX Trefiinop
Xaxopra o^XiaKaveiv avra eKekevae, rd re opo-
fiara trvfjuTrdpTcop t&v fiovXevovTcop €9 XevKcofia
dpaypdylra^ i^eOrjKe' Kal i^ ixeipov koX pvp Kar*

4 eT09 TOVTO TTOLevTai, TavTa /jlcp iirl tj) t^9 (TVfi-
<l>oiTi]a'€co^ avT&p apdy/cj} eirpa^ep* el S' ovp ttotc
ix avpTV')(ia^ tlpo^ /jlt) avWex'^^iep oaov^ rj X/0€ta
€Kd<TTOTe eKoXec (ttX^i/ yap otl ocd/ct^ av avTo<; 6
avTOKpdTcop Trapfj, ep ye ^ ral^ aXkat<; 7}p,epai^ €9
irdpTa okiyov to t&p dOpoc^ofJieptop ttXtjOo^ koI
t6t€ KOI jieTct TavTa aKpt^m i^rjTd^eTo), i^ou-
XevopTo fiep koc fj ye ypwpbt) a-vpeypdfpCTO, ov
fiePTOi teal TeXo9 ti 0)9 fcefcvpco/jLeprj €Xdfji,8aP€P,
dXXct avtCTtopLTa^ eyiypeTO, oirco<; <f>apepop to jSov-

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opofiaTo^ TovTOV SrjfXor eXXr^piaai ydp avTO icad-
dira^ dSvpuTOP eaTt, to S avTO tovto xal et
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viro (TirovBrj^ fj6poiad7}<Tap, fj xal evapTLoadePTfov
Tip&p Sij/Jbdpxcop TO fiep Boyfia ovk fjSvprjd'q yevi-
affai, TTjp hk hrj ypcofjurjp a^&p ov^ virepbepop diro-

1 7€ Rk.. T€ M.
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BOOK LV

, passing decrees, according to the several kinds of b.c.
decrees, — ^to state only the chief points of the
matter ; and he increased the fines of those who
without good excuse stayed away from the sessions.
And since many such offences had regularly gone un-
punished owing to the large number of those who
were liable to punishment, he commanded that if
many were guilty, they should draw lots and one
out of every five, according as the lot should fall,
should incur the fine. He had the names of all the
senators entered on a tablet and posted ; and this
practice, originating with him, is still observed each
year. Such were the measures he took to compel \
the attendance of the senators ; but if on any
occasion, as the result of some accident, fewer as-
sembled than the occasion demanded, — and it should
be explained that at every session, except when the
emperor himself was present, the number of those
in attendance was accurately counted, both at that
time and later, for practically every matter of

-business, — ^the senators would proceed with their
deliberations and their decision would be recorded,
though it would not go into effect as if regularly
passed, but instead, their action was what was
termed auctoritas, the purpose of which was to make
known their will. For such is the general force of
this word ; to translate it into Greek by a term that
will always be applicable is impossible. This same
custom prevailed in case they ever assembled in
haste at any but the usual place, or on any but the
appointed day, or without a legal summons, or if by
reason of the opposition of some of the tribunes a
decree could not be passed and yet they were un-
willing that their opinion should remain unknown ;

c c 2



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DIGS ROMAN HISTORY

tcpv<l)0rjvai, ivofii^eTO' teal avTJj fiSTh ravra KaX 17
fcvpcoat^ Kara tcL Trdrpia iiryyeTO koI 17 eirlKXrjai^

6 17 Tov ho^funo^ i'ir€(f>€p€TO, tovto re oiv la^vpA^;
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^ov avTO TToieiv, viro Se Srj tov ;^oroi; acfyrjpi-
Bfjaav.

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6r)K€ irpXv ;)^/077/iaTt<ra4 ta TrepX avT&v, Kal tol^
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3 aai oL ^CXtp TeTLVi BiKr^v (pevyovTi avve^rjTaaOr),
irpoeTTiKOivcoaaf; avTo tovto t§ yepovaia* koX eKel-
vov T€ eaoyae, Kal tov KaT'^opov avrov oi3% 07rG)9

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BOOK LV

afterwards the resolution would be ratified according b.c. 9
to established precedent and would receive the name
of k decree.^ This method, strictly followed for a
long period by the men of old time, has in a way
already become null and void, as has also the special
privilege of the praetors. For they, becoming in-
dignant that they could bring no proposal before the
senate, though they outranked the tribunes, received
from Augustus the right to do so, but in the course
of time were deprived of it.

These and the other laws which Augustus enacted
at this time he had inscribed on tablets and posted
in the senate before bringing them up for con-
sideration, and he allowed the senators to enter the
chamber in groups of two and read them, so that
if any provision did not please them, or if they could
advise anything better, they might speak. He wa s
very desirous indeed of being democratic, as one or
two incidents" will illustrate. Unce, when one or
those who had campaigned with him asked him for
his assistance as advocate, though he at first
pretended to be busy and bade one of his friends
speak in the man's behalf, yet when the petitioner
became angry and said, ^^But I, whenever you had
need of my assistance, did not send some one else to -
you in place of myself, but personally encountered
dangers everjrwhere in your behalf," the emperor
then entered the court-room and pleaded his friend's
cause. He also stood by a friend who was de-
fendant in a suit, after having first communicated his
purpose to the senate ; and he saved his friend, but
was so far from being angry with the friend's ac-

* It was now a aenatiia constdtum, and no longer merely
stTiatua auctoritas.

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DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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f) irapprjaia avrov Sid ttjv t&v iroW&v irovr^piav
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