Analytical chemistry (Volume 1) online

Cadmium, reactions 221

separation from other metals of H 2 S group 272, 441

ammonium sulfide group 272

Caesium, reactions 456

separation from rubidium and lithium 459

Calamine 184

Calaverite 499

Calcite 102

Calcium, reactions 102

carbide 105, 439

nitride 106

phosphate, solution in acids 47

phosphide 106, 439

separation from Ba and Sr 110

Calomel 201

Carbamate of ammonium 72, 103



. INDEX 521

PAGE

Carbides, solution of 439

Carbon disulfide, detection of 220

Carbonates, behavior on ignition 355

solubility of 353

Carbonic acid, ionization of 8, 10

reactions 352

Carborundum 421, 436

Carnallite 78, 93

dissociation of 16

Carnot, detection of potassium 80

Carnotite 487

Caro's acid 403

Cassiterite 249, 437, 462

Cassius, purple of 263, 265

Cathode 5, 10

Cations 5, 10

reactions of 77, 440

Caustic alkali, detection in presence of carbonates ' 455

Celestite 102, 106

Ceric compounds, reactions 470

Cerite, analysis of 478

metals 469

Cerium 469

Cerous compounds, reactions. 469

Cerussite 102, 205

Chalcedony - 413

Chalcocite 214

"Chamber acid" . 205

Charcoal reductions before the blowpipe 68, 426

stick reactions 65, 435

Chalcopyrite 214

Chalk 102

Chemical analysis 1

equilibrium 13

reaction 1

Chili saltpetre. 82

Chloanthite 172

Chlorates 397

Chloric acid, reactions 397

detection in the presence of HNO 3 and HC1 398

Chloride, detection in thiocyanates 326

Chlorides, behavior on ignition 290

solubility of 287

Chlorine (free), reactions 291

detection in non-electrolytes 290

presence of Br and I 306

silicates 416

Chloroplatinic acid (reagent) 73, 269

Chromates 135

Chromic acid, reactions 140



522 INDEX

PAGE

Chromic acid, oxidation by means of 32, 138

compounds, reactions 133

Chromite 132

analysis of 439

Chromium 132

peroxide 132, 139

separation of other members of Group III 189, 192, 443

Chromophor 54

Chromous compounds, reactions 132, 436

Chrysoberyl 461

Cinnabar 195

Citrates, solubility of 366

Citric acid 366

Claudetite 223

Claustalite 496

Clay 125

Closed-tube test 64, 67, 423

Cobalt, complex ions of 25

detection in nickel salts 184

hydroxide, acid properties of 180

reactions 178

separation from other members of Group III 189, 192, 443

Cobalticyanic acid 181, 328

Cobaltite 178

Codein test for selenium 499

Colloidal solutions 58

substances 58, 127, 218, 415, 495

Colloids 59

protective 60

Color imparted to the flame 64, 427

Coloradoite 499

Columbite 480

Common ion effect 45

Complex ions 24

valence of 25

salts and double salts 25

Concentration 9

changes and ionization 18

molal 9

normal 9

of reagents 70

Conductivity and ion concentration 5

Conductors of electricity 3

Constant boiling acids 57

Copper 214

separation from other metals of H 2 S group 272, 273, 441

(NH 4 ) 2 S group 272

Corundum 125, 438

Cream of tartar 362

Crocoite 132, 205



INDEX 523

PAGE

Crookesite 485

Cryolite 82, 125

Cupferron 152, 160

Cupric compounds, reactions 217

xanthate 220

Cuprite 214

Cuproscheelite 494

Cuprous compounds, reactions 215

xanthate 220

Cyanates, solubility of 342

Cyanic acid 342

Cyanides 311

behavior on ignition 315

complex compounds, 24, 146, 181, 188, 219, 280, 312, 315, 318, 321, 328, 438

decomposition of 152, 322, 438

Cyanogen, complex compounds of, 24, 146, 181, 188, 219, 280, 312, 315, 318, 321,

328, 438
compounds, decomposition of. . . 152, 315, 320, 322, 438

D

Daniell cell 42

Daniel's tetrofluoride test 418

" Dcnige's " reagent 367

Devarda's alloy 34

Dtfvillc, St. Claire 516

Diaspore 125, 142

Dichromate, oxidizing action of 32, 138

Dicyanogen 316

Didymium '. 469, 473

Diphenylamine, reagent 332, 394

Dimethylglyoxime 177

Dissociation, electrolytic 4

influence of concentration upon 18

of carbonic acid 8, 10

carnallite 16

electrolytes 6

hydrogen sulfide 10, 145, 334

, phosphorus pentachloride 16

sodium carbonate 9

water 10

Distribution coefficient 17

law 17

Dithionic acid 171

Division of acids into groups 284

metals into groups 70

Dolomite ^ 93, 102

Drinking water, ammonia in 90

nitrous acid in 332

Dry reactions 61, 423



524 INDEX

E PAGE

Earths, rare 461, 474

Electric charge on ions 5

Electricity, transport of 5

Electrode 10

Electrolysis, explanation of 5

Electrolytes 6

ionization of 10

Electrolytic dissociation 4, 7

and hydrolysis 49

Electrolytic solution pressure 38

Electromotive series 37, 41, 43

Emerald, oriental 125

Emery 125

Emmonsite 499

Emplectite 210

Energy, free or available 170

Enstatite 93

Epsomite 93

Equilibrium between a solid and a liquid 11

two liquids 17

chemical 13

homogeneous 15

Equivalents 9

Erbium, reactions 467

Erythrite 178

Etching test 409

Ethyl acetate 341

xanthic disulfide. v 220

Ethylene platinous chloride 270

Eucairite 496

Euclase 461

Euxenite 465

Evaporation of acids 56

Examination, preliminary 61, 423

F

Faraday 5

Fehling's solution 217

Feldspar 78, 125

Ferberite 494

Ferric compounds, reactions 148

reduction of 29, 35, 36, 37, 151

Ferricyanic acid 321, 327

Ferricyanides 321

decomposition on ignition 152, 322

Ferrocyanic acid 318, 327

Ferrocyanides 318

decomposition on ignition 152, 320

Ferrous compounds 144

oxidation of 29, 30, 31, 32, 143, 147




INDEX 525

PAGE

Ferrous oxide, detection in presence of iron 148

sulfide, theory of dissolving 145

Filters, size of 58

Filtration 58

Fischer, Emil, detection of hydrogen sulfide 336

Flame, colorations 64, 427

parts of 62

reactions 61, 427

spectra 115

Fluorides, analysis of 410, 437

solubility of 407

Fluorine, detection in silicates 409

Fluorite 102, 406

Formic acid 311

Fosterite 93

Franklinite 184

Free alkali in presence of carbonates 455

chlorine 291

energy 170

Fulgurator 121, 122

Fulminating gold 263

silver 279

Fusibility, test of 61, 63



G

Gadolinite 465, 467, 478

Galena 205

Garnet 125

Garnierite 172

Gas, composition of illuminating 61

Gas spectra 122

"Gas-water" 310

General principles 1

scheme of analysis 440

Gersdorffite 172

Glucinum 461

Gold, detection of small amounts in alloys and ores 265

fulminating 263

reactions 261

separation from platinum 270

Gothite 142

Gram-equivalents 9

Greenockite 221

Greiss, Peter, detection of nitrous acid 332

Groups, division of acids into 284

division of metals into 70

Guldberg and Waage, "Law of Chemical Mass-action" 15

Gutzeit test for arsenic 238

Gypsum 102



526 INDEX

H

PAGE

Halite 82

Halogen compounds, insoluble 436

Halogens, detection of HC1, HBr, and HI in the presence of one another 306

in presence of cyanide 309

thiocyanate r 325

oxidizing action of 30

Hausmannite 160

Heat colors 63

of formation of water 6

Hematite 142

Hepar reaction 351, 405, 427

Homogeneous equilibrium 15

Hornblende 93

Horn silver 278

Hubnerite 494

Hyalite 413

Hydrargillite 125

Hydriodic acid 301

detection in the presence of HC1 and HBr 306

reduction by 37

Hydrobromic acid 297

detection in the presence of HC1 and HI 306

Hydrochloric acid . 285

detection in the presence of HBr and HI 306

HNO 3 and HC1O 3 398

oxidation by nitric acid 287

peroxides 286

Hydrochlorplatinic acid. See Chlorplatinic acid.

Hydrocyanic acid 310

in presence of halogen and complex cyanide 317

Hydroferricyanic acid. See Ferri cyanic acid.
Hydroferrocyanic acid. See Ferrocyanic acid.

Hydrofluoric acid 406

Hydrofluosilicic acid. See Fluosilicic acid.

Hydrogele 127

Hydrogen ion, effects on hydrogen sulfide 47, 145, 187

of acids :' 2

peroxide 84

oxidation by 32

reduction of permanganate 85, 171

reduction by 33

sulfide 334

as reducing agent 35

detection in presence of H 2 SO 3 and H 2 S 2 O 3 390

effect of hydrogen ions on 47

ionization of 10, 334

theory of precipitation by 47, 186

Hydrolysis 48

and electrolytic dissociation ; . 49-






INDEX 527



Irolysis of ferric salts 148

of titanium salts 158

prevent ion of 51

Hydrosole 127

Hydrosulf uric acid 334

Hydroxyl ions, detection in presence of carbonates 455

of bases 2

Hypochlorite in presence of chlorate 397

Hypochlorites 294

Hypochlorous acid 294

Hypophosphites, solubility of 345

Hypophosphorous acid 345

Hypovanadic acid 487

I

Illuminating-gas 61

Ilmenite 157

Incrustations, metallic and oxidic 68, 427

Indicators, sensitiveness of 56

theory of 54

Indigo 331, 394, 510

Infusible precipitate 198

Insoluble halogen compounds 436

substances 434

analysis of 436

sulfates, method of attacking 437

lodates, solubility of 375

lodic acid 375

Iodide of starch 306

Iodides, solubility of 301

Iodine, detection in non-electrolytes 304

presence of bromine 306

equilibrium between two solvents 17

free 304

reactions of 305

Ion, definition of 4, 10

Ionic theory 4

Ions, complex 24

concentration proportional to conductivity 5

electric charge on 5

nomenclature of 10

positive and negative 4

reactions of 26

lonization. See Electrolytic dissociation.

amphoteric 53

and changes in concentration 18

constant. . . ., 19

of bivalent acids 8

common electrolytes 10



528 INDEX

f

PAGE

lonization of salts of weak acids or bases 9

Iridium 512

Iridosmium 504

Iron 142

detection in the presence of ferrous oxide 148

rusting of 143

separation from other members of Group III 189, 192, 443

state of oxidation in original substance 443

J
Jasper 413

K

Kaolin 125

Kermesite 242

Kieserite 93

Klaproth 154

Krennerite 499

L

Laboratory reagents 71

Lacmoid 55

Lanthanum 469, 472

Laxmannite 132

Lead, acetate (sugar of lead) 341

reactions 205

separation from Ag and Hg 1 282, 441

ammonium sulfide group 272

other metals of H 2 S group 272, 440

sulfate, solution of 209, 437

Lehrbachite 496

Lepidolite 457, 458

Leucophanite 461

Liebigite 154

Limestone 102

Limonite 142

Liquids, analysis of 452

Litharge 206

Lithium 458

separation from rubidium and ceesium 459

Litmus 55

Lollingite 224

M

Magnesia cement 94

mixture 73, 378

Magnesite 93, 102

Magnesium ammonium phosphate, solubility of 75, 95

hydroxide and ammonia 94



Mass-ai



INDEX 529

\

. PAGE

Magnesium reactions 93

reduction with 67

separation from alkalies 96, 440

Magnetite 93, 142

Malachite 214

Manganese 160

separation from Ni, Co, and Zn 189, 192, 443

Manganic acid 169

Manganite 160

Manganites 162

Manganous acid 162, 163

compounds 163

Marble 102

Marcasite 142

Marsh test for arsenic 232

Mass-action law 13

applied to hydrolysis of bismuth solutions 211

oxidation and reduction 44

precipitation by ammonia 19, 94

hydrogen sulfide 47, 145, 187

Meerschaum . 93

Meliphanite 461

Melting-points of certain metals 63

Menaccanite. See Ilmenite 157

Mercuric compounds 196

cyanide, behavior of 314

mercury, separation from other metals precipitated by H 2 S 272, 440

ammonium sulfide group -. . 272

Mercurous compounds 201

mercury, separation from Ag and Pb 282, 441

Mercury* , 195

detection in urine 203

the atmosphere 204

Metallic and oxidic incrustations gg 427

Metalloids. See Anions.

Metals, division into groups 70

examination of 452

general tables for the examination of 440

preparation of solution for analysis for 430, 438

reactions of 77

reducing action of 33, 67

Metaphosphates, solubility of 372

Metaphosphoric acid 372

Metastannic acid 257, 435, 437

Methyl orange 54, 284

Methylene blue 336

Mica 78, 125

Microcosmic salt. See Phosphorus, salt of.

Milk, detection of arsenic in 238

Millerite .172



530 INDEX

PAGE

Millon's base 90

Mimetite 102, 205, 224

Minium 206

Mitscherlich test for white phosphorus ' 383

Molybdate of ammonium 72, 231, 379

Molybdenum, reactions 491

separation from As, Sb, and Sn 493

Molybdenite 491

Molybdic acid 491

Monazite 465, 480

Monticellitc 93

Mottramite 487

Muscovite 78, 125

Mole 7, 9

Molal concentration 9

N

Nagyagite 261, 499

Natrite 82

Natron 82

Naumannite 496

Negative and positive elements 52

elements, examination for 446

Neodymium 469, 473

Nernst formula 39

Nessler 's reagent 73, 90, 198

test 90

Neutralization of acids and bases 6, 51

heat of 6

Newjanskit : 504

Niccolite 172, 224

Nickel, detection in cobalt salts 176, 177

reactions 172

separation from Mn, Co, and Zn '. 189, 192, 443

sulfide 172, 174

Niobite '. 480

Niobium " 480, 482

separation from tantalum 484

Nitrates, solubility of 393

Nitric acid, detection in the presence of nitrous acid 395

detection in the presence of HC1O 3 and HC1 398

oxidation with 30

of hydrochloric acid 287

reactions 392

Nitrides 439

Nitrites, solubility of 330

Nitrogen, detection in organic compounds -316

Nitro-prusside test 336

Nitrose 330

Nitrosoplatinic chloride 269



INDEX 531

PAGE

chloride 287

sulfuric acid 330

Nitrous acid, detection in the presence of HNO 3 395

reactions 329

Nomenclature of ions 10

Non-conductors 3

Non-electrolytes * 6

Non-metallic substances, examination of 423

Normal solutions 9

Noumeite 172

O

Odor, testing the 1

Olivine 93

Onofrite 496

Organic matter, removal of 129, 152, 172; 236, 238, 240, 443

'substances, tests for halogens, sulfur, etc 291, 299, 304, 338

Oriental emerald 125

topaz 125

Orpiment 224

Orthite 469

Orthoclase 125

Osmic acid. 509

Osmiridium 504

Osmium, reactions 509

Osmotic pressure 37

Oxalates, behavior on ignition 361

solubility of 360

Oxalic acid 360

detection in preliminary examination 424, 443

oxidation by permanganate 171

Oxidation, and reduction in vitreous fluxes 64, 425

by chromic acid 32, 138

halogens '. 30

hydrogen peroxide 32

nitric acid 30

permanganic acid 31, 171

definition of 27

of one molecule at expense of another similar one 170

HC1 by HNO 3 287

peroxides ; . 286

potentials 37, 40, 43

Oxide incrustations 68, 427

Ozone 86

P

Palladic compounds '. 506

Palladium 504

Palladodiamine chloride 505

Palladosamine chloride . . . 505



532 INDEX

PAGE

Fallacious compounds 505

I'nrtition law 17

Percarbonic acid 356

Perchloric acid 400

Perchromic acid 132, 139

Permanganates. See Permanganic acid .

Permanganic acid. * 169

oxidation by 31, 171

Perowskit *. 157

Peroxide of hydrogen 84

sodium : 83

Peroxides, solution of 438

test for 455

Persulfuric acid 401

Pervanadic acid 488, 490

Petallite 458

Phases : . . . 15

Phenacite 461

Phenolphthalein 55

phosphates, solubility of 377

Phosphides, solution of 439

Phosphites 369

Phosphoric acid, detection in preliminary examination 443

reactions 377

Phosphorous acid, reactions 369

Phosphorus 382

detection according to Blondlot-Dusart 385

Mitscherlich 383

in iron and steel 379

pentachloride, dissociation of 15

salt of 64, 380, 425

Physical behavior of solutions 3

Pitch-blende 154

Platinic chloride. See Chlorplatinic acid.

Platinum, metals 504, 514, 516

reactions 266

residues, treatment of 270

separation from gold ; 270

Plattnerite 462

Plumbic acid 206

Pocket spectroscope 123

Polianite 160, 249, 462

Pollucite 456

Positive and negative elements 52

Potash 78

Potassium acid sulfate fusion 130, 157, 438

Jtartrate 75, 76, 364

chlorplatinate, solubility of 75, 79

mercuric iodide 73, 90, 198

percarbonate 171, 356



S\,Gl



INDEX 533

PAGE

Potassium persulfate 401

pyroantimonate : . 74, 247

pyrosulfate, fusion with 130, 157, 438

reactions 78

reduction with 67

Potentials, oxidation 37, 40, 43

Powellite 491, 494

Praseodymium 469, 473

Precipitates, washing of 58

Preliminary examination 423, 428

Principles, general 1

Protective colloids , 60

Proustite 224, 278

Prussian blue 150

Prussiate of potash, yellow 318

red 321

Prussic acid 310

Purple of Cassius 263, 265

Pyrargyrite 242, 278

Pyrite 142, 336

Pyrochlore 465

Pyrolusite 1 160

Pyromorphite 102, 205

Pyrophosphates, solubility of 374

Pyrophosphoric acid, reactions 374

Pyrosulfate of potassium, fusion with 130, 157, 438

Pyroxene-amphibole group of minerals 93



Qualitative analysis 1

Quantitative analysis 1

Quartz 413

R

Rare earths, reactions 461, 472, 474

elements 456

in rocks 490

Reaction, definition 1

tendencies 26, 51

types 26

Reactions, in the dry way 1, 61

wet way 1

reversible 14

sensitiveness of 75

used for qualitative analysis 1

Reagent 1

Reagents, concentration of 71

Realgar 224

Red lead 207

Reduction, definition 28



534 INDEX

PAGE

Reduction by Devarda's alloy 3-1

hydriodir acid 37, 301

hydrogen peroxide 33

sulfide 35, 337, 441

metals -'53

nascent hydrogen 33

stannous chloride 36

sulfurous acid 35, 349

in a glass tube 67

upper reducing flame 68

on charcoal 68, 426

charcoal stick 65 r 435

with sodium, potassium, and magnesium 67

Reinite '494

Reinsch arsenic test 240

Reversible reactions 14

Rhodium 507

Rhodochrosite 102, 160

Rinmann's green 188

Rochelle salt 80, 362

Rock salt 82

Rubidium, reactions 457

separation from lithium and caesium 459

Ruby 125

Rusting of iron 143

Ruthenium reactions 510

Rutile 157, 160



St. Claire DeVille 516

Salt of phosphorus beads 64, 380, 425

solutions, concentrations of 72

Saltpetre 78

Salts, hydrolysis of 48

ionization of 10

solubility table of 432

Samarskite 154, 465

Sapphire 125

Saturated solutions 12

Scheelite 494

Selenic acid, reactions 498

Selenious acid, reactions 497

Selenium 496

and tellurium in ores 502

test for in sulfuric acid 499

Senarmontite 242

Sensitiveness of reactions 75

Separation of the acids 446, 449

cerite metals 4 478

five metal groups from one another. 440




INDEX 535



Separation of gold from platinum 270

^ metals of Group I 282, 441
Group II 272,441
Group III 189, 192, 443, 444
Group IV Ill, H3, 440
Group V 97, 99, 441
platinum metals 514

Serpentine 93

Siderite 102, 142

Silicates 415

decomposition by fluxes 417

with HF 419

soluble in acids 416

undecomposable by acids 417

water-soluble 415

Silicic acid 413

Silicon 420

detection in iron and steel 420

Silver chloride, solution of 20

complex ions of 24

nitrate test 449

reactions 278

separation from lead and mercury 282, 441

telluride 499

Skeleton bead 419, 426

Skutterudite 178

Smaltite 178, 224

Smithsonite 102, 184

Soda-nitre 82

Sodium, carbonate, ionization of 9

cobaltic nitrite, reagent 74, 81

nitroprusside 336

peroxide 83

reactions 82

reduction with 67

xanthate 220

Solubilities and solubility products 19, 23

table 432

Solid and non-metallic substances. 423

Solution of the substance 430, 438, 447

insoluble substances 435, 436

Solution pressure 37

electrolytic 38

Solutions, analysis of 452

chemical, electrical and physical behavior of 3

colloidal 58

saturated and super-saturated 12, 37

Smell, sense of 1

Spark spectra 120

Special reagents .* 73



536 INDEX

PAGE

Spectrograph 124

Spectrometer 1 1 <j

Spectroscope 11.-,

Spectroscopic analysis 115

Spectrum, measuring the lines of 1 1 <)

Sphalerite 184

Spinel ., 93

Spodumene 457

Stannic acid 257

compounds 254

6-Stannic compounds 257

Stannous chloride, reduction with 36

compounds 251

Stannyl chloride 257

Starch and potassium iodide reagent 74

Steatite 93

Stibnite 242

Stolzite 205, 494

Strength of reagents 71

Strontianite 102, 106

Strontium, reactions 106

separation from Ba and Ca 110, 440

Sulfates, solubility of 404

Sulfide, detection in presence of sulfite and thiosulfite 390

precipitation theory of 47, 186

Sulfides, behavior on ignition 338

solubility of 335

Sulfites of alkaline earths, solubility of 348, 391

Sulfocyanates. See Thiocyanates.
Sulfocyanic acid. See Thiocyanic acid.

Sulfur 339

dioxide, preparation of 347

Sulfuretted hydrogen. See Hydrosulfuric acid.

Sulfuric acid, ionization of 8, 10

reactions 404

tests for selenium in 499

Sulfurous acid, detection in the presence of 1128203 and H^S 390

reactions 347

reduction by 35

Supersaturated solution 12

Sylvanite 261, 499

Sylvite 78

Sysserskit 504

T

Talc 93

Tantalite 480

Tantalum, reactions 480

separation from niobium 484

Tartar emetic . . 244, 362



B INDEX 537

PAGE

id 362

Tartrates, solubility of 362

Taste, sense of 2

Telluric acid, reactions '. 520

Tellurium 499

and selenium in ores 502

Tellurous acid, reactions 501

Thallic compounds 486

Thallium, reactions 485

Thallous compounds . . 485

Thenard's blue 131

Thermonatrite - 82

Thiocyanic acid 323

in presence of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide 327

Thiosulfates, solubility of 387

Thiosulfuric acid, in presence of sulfurous acid and hydrogen sulfide 390

reactions 387

Thorium 465

Thorianite 465

Thorite 465

Tiemannite 496

Tin, reactions 249

separation from copper group 272, 275, 441

Tinkal 82, 357

Tinstone 249, 260, 437, 462

Titanite 157

Titanium dioxide, analysis of 438

reactions 157

Topaz 125

oriental 125

Touch, sense of 2

Tremolite 93

Trona 82

Tungsten, reactions 494

Tungstic acid 494

Turmeric 55, 74, 358, 464

Turnbull's blue 147

Turquoise 125

U

Ullmanite 172

Ultra-red rays 118

Ultra-violet rays 118

Uranite 154

Uranium 154

separation from Fe, Al, and Cr 189, 443, 445

Uranyl compounds 154

Urea, decomposition of 87, 333, 396

Urine, detection of arsenic in 238

detection of mercury in 203



538 INDEX

v

PAQK

Valentinite 242

Vanadic acid 487

Vanadinite % '. 102, 205, 487

Vanadium 487

detection in rocks 490

Vanadyl salts 487

Vivianite 142, 178

Volatile substances 424

Volatility test 64, 424

W

Waage, law of mass-action 15

Wall-papers, arsenic in 236, 240

Walker's nomenclature of ions : 11

Washing precipitates 58

Water, ammonia in 90

free from ammonia 90

glasses 415

heat of formation from ions 6

ionization of 10

opal 413

Wave lengths 117

Wave-length spectroscope 119

Weak acids and weak bases, salts of 8

Wet way, reactions in the 1

Witherite 102, 108

Wolframite 494.

Wollastonite 102

Wulfenite 205, 491, 494

Wurtzite 185

X
Xanthates 220

Y

Yttrium 467

Yttrotantalite 467, 480

Z

Zinc, reactions 1X1

separation from Mn, Ni, Co, and Zn 189, 192, 443, 445

Zincite 184

Zinc sulfide, precipitation of 186

Zircon 462

Zirconium 462



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