James G. (James George) Needham.
The life of inland waters; an elementary text book of fresh-water biology for students online
. (page 25 of 26)
Online Library → James G. (James George) Needham → The life of inland waters; an elementary text book of fresh-water biology for students → online text (page 25 of 26)
Font size
females, parthenogenetic .... 266, 268
Ferguson, W. K 394
ferments 139
ferns 351
fernworts 145, 153
Fiber zibethicus 241
field stations 20
filaments, algal 102
filaments, spore-bearing 319
filter 20
filtering 113
fingerlings 384, 385
fins 250
" pectoral 234
fish's bill of fare 398
Fish Commission, United States 79
Fish and Game Commission,
New York State 344
fish culture 21, 384, 385, 387, 389,
390, 399, 400, 408
fish 290,379,383,403
fish eggs 384
fisher 241, 274
fishes 282, 362, 386, 387, 389, 390,
399, 404
fish-flies 213
fish food 183, 189, 190, 235, 294, 390,
391, 392, 393, 396, 397
fish forage 384, 386, 393, 403, 408
fish fry 384
Index
427
PAGE
fish fry, planting of 384, 385, 386
" raising 385
fish, fresh for the table 407
fishponds. . 387, 396, 404
fish population 398
fish raising 404, 408
Fissidens julianum 148
flagella 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108,
246, 250, 310
flagellates 102, 103, 106, 107, 246,
248, 296, 302, 303, 305,
306, 309, 311, 316, 356
flagellates, chlorophyl-bearing . . 299
green 104
shell-bearing 108
spherical 108
winter 107
flatworms 170, 171, 172, 173, 250,
260, 263, 340, 370
floats 247, 266, 284
flocculence 295
flood 57,67,75,87
flood conditions 88
flood-decline 88
flood plain. 64, 77, 87, 356
flood plain of rivers 67
flood rise 88
flora 18, 53
Florida 59
Floscularia 178, 299
flotation 243, 245, 246, 247, 251, 272,
297
flotsam 153
foliage 45
food, abundance of 306
' available 304
1 dependencies 389
" dissolved 26
" examinations 398
food-fishes 387, 39
food preferences 305, 391
" relations 389
foodstuffs 395, 402
food supply 21, 25
Fontinalis 148
forage fishes 398, 399
foragers 367
foragers, shelter-building 370
foraging grounds 57
foraging habits 373
forage organisms 396, 398
Forbes, Stephen A. 70, 80, 389, 390,
394
PAGE
Forel, F. A 53, 76
forget-me-not 405
Fragillaria 115, 245, 297, 305, 308
Fredericella 166
freezing point 244
frog, bull 237
green 237
leopard 236, 237
pickerel 237
tree 237
wood 237
frogs 175, 236, 237, 343, 383, 387, 390
frost-line 83
fungi 139
fungi, parasitic 296
fungus 282, 400
fur-bearers 241
furs 379
Galingale, low 207
Galium palustre 344
Gammarus 190, 191, 360, 392
gas, marsh 96
gases 25, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, 55,
56, 244, 252, 265, 279, 309
gases, noxious 96
Gastropus 299
gars 291,333
geese 239, 240, 242
gelatin 127, 161, 169
gemmules 164, 247
gill arches 313
" cavity 292
" chambers 209, 252
" covers 253, 366
gill-plates 208, 251
gill-rakers 235, 313
gill-strainers 392
gills 182, 217, 233, 235, 236, 252, 273,
275, 279, 280, 288, 369, 370, 397
gills, anal 279
blood 279
filamentous 204, 224, 279
mussel 181
tracheal 278, 279, 368
tube 280, 368
glacial period 62
glaciation 64
glands 284
Glenodinium 103, 108
glochidia 181, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291
Gloiotrichia 297, 304
Glyceria 334
428
Index
PAGE
Goera 371
goldfish 384, 399
golden shiner 235, 387, 399
goldthread 351
Gomphines 209, 254, 357
Gonatozygon 117, 119
Goniobasis 370
gonidia 141
Gonium 104
Gordius 174
gorges, post-glacial 64
gradient of channel 85
gravel, deposits of 42
gravity, specific 243, 244, 246
grebes 342
grouping by levels 326
Grout, A. J 148
gulls 239
Gyrinidae , 221
Gyrinus 337
Gyrosigma 112
i
Habenaria 35
habitat 294
Haeckel, E 392
haemoglobin 253
Haemopsis 175, 176
hairs 248, 274
hairs, glandular 283, 285
Halesus guttifer 198, 361
Haliplidae 223, 275, 346
Haliplus 277
hand-net 20
Hankinson, T. L 231, 233
Harper, Francis 93
hatcheries 384, 385, 400
Hawkins, L. S 32 1
Headlee, T. J 324
Deaths 157,351,355, 357
Helicopsyche 370, 372, 373
hellgrammite 214, 313
Hellriegel 56
Hemerobiidae 212, 214
Hemilastena 291
Hemiptera 195, 210, 274
hemp- weed, climbing 345
Heptagenia 278, 368, 370
herbivores 18, 128, 153, 180, 186, 282,
318,373,389,390,392
herring 291,313
herons 239
Heterocope 311
Hexagenia 115, 255, 341, 398
PAGE
hibernacula 264, 265, 272
hibernating 269
Hibiscus 145, 405
Holopedium 52
hooks 247, 266
hornwort. 134, 154, 155, 271, 272, 334
horseflies 227, 254
horse-leeches 175, 250
host species 291
Howard, A. D 289, 291
huckleberries 351
humid regions 55, 56
humus 57
husbandry 385, 386, 412
Hyalella 191
Hy datina 299, 305
Hydra 163, 164, 282, 325, 327, 332,
341
Hydrachnidae 193
Hydrocampa 218, 257, 337
Hydrodictyon 122, 124
hydrogen sulphide 47, 96
Hydrohypnum 358
hydromechanics 107
Hydrophilidae 222, 276, 346
Hydrophilids 221, 222
Hydrophilus 275
Hydroporus 222, 333
Hydroptilidae 216
Hydroptila 258
Hydropsychidae 217
Hydropsyche . . 218, 363, 364, 365, 370
hydroxide of iron 142
Hydrurus 136
Hymenoptera 195
Hypericum virginicum 344
hypnums 148, 149
hypolimnion 37
Ice 35, 36, 80, 81, 120
ice, anchor 82, 83
ice, floes 61
ice in streams 81
ice rubble 81, 82
Ignis fatuus 96
Illinois State Laboratory of Na-
tural History 50, 79
infusoria 171, 179
inclusions 244
increase, rapidity of 306
incrustations of lime 251 *
Indianapolis News 384
Indians 13
Index
429
PAGE
insects 183, 251, 274, 357, 358, 367,
390, 399
insects, aquatic 338
gall 291
herbivorous 398
net-winged 195, 212
plancton-gathering .... 364
internodes 138
inundation 88
iris 404
iron 53
iron sulphate 95
Isoetes 151
Isopoda 190
Ischnura verticalis 207, 208
Ithytrichia. . ( 260, 262, 372
Jack-o-lantern 96
Jagerskiold 172
Johannsen, O. A 299
' ointweed 345
o-pye-weed 323
uday, C. 36, 37, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47,
51,53,72,263,308,312
Juncaceae 157
Kent 309
Kirchnerella 129, 131
Knight, H.H 75, 196,350
Kofoid C. A. 22, 48, 83, 85, 88, 103,
107, 113, 130, 131, 164,
171, 312, 356
Laccophilus 333
lace-wings 214
lagoons 334
Lake Alachua 69
1 Canandaigua 65
' Cayuga 28, 32, 36, 42, 60, 64,
65, 73, 114, 123, 151,
218, 232,240, 295, 296,
300, 308, 309
Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho 60
44 Devil's, Wisconsin 51, 71
Erie 63
Evans' Michigan 62
11 Flag 312
Flathead 71
Pure, Denmark 28
44 Geneva 28, 76
1 Great Salt. 71
44 Green 63
" HaUstatter, Austria 33
PAGE
Lake Huron 63
44 Kegonsa 66
" Keuka 64, 65
" Knight's 44
" Louise,B.C 60
1 ' Mendota 37,38, 46, 47, 66, 304,
306,310
Miccosukee 69
Michigan . .28, 61, 63, 114, 312
1 Monona 66
44 Okoboji 71
" Ontario 63
1 Otisco 65,72
" Owasco 65
44 Pepin 67
Phelps 57
Pontchartrain 67
44 Quiver 49, 164
44 Seneca 65
1 Silver 71
44 Skaneateles 65, 72
1 St.Clair 28
1 Sumner, Isle Royal 54
44 Superior 63, 73
Tahoe.., 28,60
Thompson's 49
Turkey 312
Wabesa 66
Walnut 161, 233, 239
Winona 71, 324
44 Yellowstone 70
lakes .59, 60, 231, 232, 299, 307, 316,
333, 356, 406
' alkaline or salt 74
' crater 60
' currents in 73
44 depth of 71
Lakes, Finger 64, 65
lakes, floodplain 67
44 of Florida 69
44 Fulton Chain of 165
Lakes, The Great 61, 63, 91, 301
lakes, playa 75
polar 36
44 solution 67, 68
strand 75
44 Swiss 76
44 of Wisconsin 66
44 of Yahara Valley 66
44 stagnation periods of . ... 34, 46
Lakeside Biological Laboratories
70,71
Lampsilis 290, 291, 324, 325
430
Index
PAGE
larvae, of black flies 227, 364
of beetles 120, 250, 368
of caddis-flies 215
of craneflies 256
dipterous 224, 227, 288
of fish-flies 213
of horseflies. . . .227, 230, 340
of mayflies 120, 332
of midges 226, 227, 250, 258,
325, 338, 341, 356,
373, 387, 388, 389,
. 390, 393, 394, 397
of mosquitoes 227, 250
of orl flies 213
of punkies 120
" of spongilla flies 215
leaf -beetle 346
leaf-drift 360
leech, clepsine 176
leeches, 171, 175 176, 257, 325, 341,
. 364
Leersia 344
Leeuwenhoek 16
Lefevre, G 290
Leidy, Joseph 19
Lemanea 135, 136
Lemnaceae 135
Lemna 150, 173, 240, 321, 334
Lepidoptera 195, 218
Leptidae, aquatic 229
Leptoceridae 216
Leptocerus 216, 260, 372
Leptodora 301, 311, 312
Leptophlebia 360
Leptothrix 141, 142
Lestes 341, 345, 346
Leunis 173
Libellula 340
lichens 132, 282
life cycle 260,261,274,316,397
life, on the bottom 326
1 at the surface 327
1 in open water 243
light 306, 307, 308
light relations 29
Liljeborg 18
Lime 50
limestone 50
Limnsea 182
Limnacea 346
Limnephilus 197, 198, 199, 200
Limnobates 346
Limnocalanus. 301, 311
Limnochares
limnological phenomena . . .
Limnophilus
Limnophora
limpet
Lintner, A. J
liverworts 146,
lobsters
locomotion
locomotion, rolling
locn
Lorenz
lorica 106,
loricate forms
lotus
Lloyd, J. U
lubrication
Ludvigia palustris
lungs
Lyman, Helen Williamson.
Lyngbya
PAGE
. ... 194
. . . . 14
.... 345
- 359
. . . . 260
. . . . 214
153, 334
. ... 192
.273,281
. 104, 107
. ... 239
33
161, 178
. . . . 299
.380, 404
54
272
.... 156
.275,276
. ... 214
297, 305
Mackerel 250
Macrobiotus 164, 166
Magazine, Farmers' 384
maggot, rat-tailed 229, 277, 339
magnesia 50
Malacostraca 183, 189, 301
Mallomonas 299, 308, 309
Malpighi 16
mammals 231, 273, 274
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. .. .51,84
manna grass. . . 334, 343
mantle 252
marl 50, 75, 352
marsh bedstraw 344
bellwort 344
fern 145,344
five-finger 344
gas 48
horsetails 151
mallow 145
Montezuma 65, 87, 91, 92
ponds 95
Renwick, Ithaca 347
skull-cap 344
St. John's wort 344
marsh-treader 346
marsh-wren 342
marshes 14, 48, 59, 64, 65, 66,
73, 89, 90, 95, 97, 263,
307, 3i6, 333, 345, 346, 402,
411
Index
431
PAGE
marshes, Canoga 318
cat-tail 91, 240, 241
fresh- water . 90
utilization of 408
Marsilea 134, H9, 321, 323, 334- W
marten '. 241
Mastigophora 102
Matheson, Robert. 222, 223, 277, 317
mating flights 206
matter, dissolved 26
matter, suspended 26, 42
mayflies 14, 115, 195, 205, 253, 255,
259, 260, 280, 281, 345, 356,
357, 36o, 361, 368, 370, 372,
373, 398
mayfly, burrowing 255
mayfly, howdy 364, 366
McDonald, E 62
McLean, New York 350, 352
Mediterranean Sea 28
Melicerta 178, 257, 299
Melosira in, 112,297,303
Menyanthes trifoliata 345
Meridion in, 113, 114, 297
Merismopaedia 134, 135, 299
Mesotasnium 119
metabolism 44, 272
metamorphosis 195, 197, 200, 201,
205, 220, 237, 287,
290
Metazoa 246
metazoans 163, 164, 165
methane 47,48,96
Micrasterias 52, 53, 119
microplancton 20
microscope 15, 101, 115,327
Microcystis. . . 132, 133, 297, 303, 308
midge, net- winged 228, 259, 267
midges 14, 225, 254, 257, 258, 358,
361, 371, 373
migrations 240, 316
Mikania scandens 345
milfoils 271, 405
mink 241, 274
minnow, red-bellied 294
minnows 232, 233, 287, 345, 366, 374,
394, 399
mites 192, 285
moccasin flower 351
mold parasites 144
molds 100
mollusca, lotic 373
molluscs 50, 52, 180, 216, 235, 288,
342, 345, 352, 382, 390
PAGE
molluscs, shell-bearing 340
Monostyla 299
Moore, Emmeline 150, 391
Morgan, Anna H 206, 253
mosquitoes 227, 280, 284, 318, 339,
346
moss, brook-inhabiting 148
moss patches 358
moss, xerophytic 351
mosses 146, 149
mossworts 145
moth-flies 230, 360
moth, tineid 346
moths 195, 218, 284, 341
Mougeotia 119
Mountains, Rocky no
mucilage 272
muck 95, 96, 154
mucus 129, 131, 181
mud banks 407
mud pond 352
mud puppy 291
muscles 256, 281
muskellunge 313
muskrat 241, 274, 341, 380
mtfesel, salamander 291
mussel shells 216
mussel, wash-board 289
mussel, warty-back 289
mussels 180, 181, 194, 240, 251, 252,
254, 257, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 324, 332, 341,
356, 357, 36o, 383
mussels, eggs of 287
mussels, fresh- water . . . . 180, 282, 286
Myriophyllum 154, 155
Mysidacea 189
Mysis 189, 190,301,311
Myxophyceae 132
Nachtrieb, H. F 176
Naidae 173
naiads 152, 173, 334
Nais 153, 173, 177,321
Najas 334
nauplius 188, 200
Navicula 109, no, 112, 299
navigation 403
necton2i3, 243, 294, 296, 313, 331,
34i
Necturus 236, 291
Needham, John T 83, 352
Nemoura 360
Nematodes 172, 173
432
Index
PAGE
Nepidae 212
Netrium 119
nets, of silk bolting-cloth 18, 20
Neuroptera 195, 202, 212
newt, vermilion-spotted 237
New York State Museum 165
nigger-heads 291
nightshade bittersweet 345
Nitella 137, 138, 139
nitrates 48, 49, 50, 141
nitrites 48, 49, 141
Nitrogen 43, 47, 48, 50, 139, 141, 348,
351
nodes 138
Nostoc 133, 282, 337
nostrils 273
Noteus 299
Notholca 246, 299, 300, 303
Notodromas 188, 328
Notommata parasita 282
Notonecta 276, 337
nucleus 117, 121
Nymphaea 334
nymph 201 , 204
nymph, damselfly 208
dragonfly. .250, 252, 340, 360
Hexagenia 398
mayfly 278, 340, 341, 369,
387, 388, 390, 396
stonefly 204, 279
Obovaria ellipsis 291
Odonata 195,207,345
(Edogomum 124, 125, 126
offsets 272
oils 273
Oligochaete 173, 250
Oocystis 129, 131
ooze 173, 251
opercula 253
operculum 182
Ophiocytium 129, 131
Ophrydium 161
orchids 158, 351
organs, locomotor 246
organisms, chlorophyl-bearing 71
l^toral 314,315,356
lotic 263
orl flies 213, 280
Oscillatoria 109, 133, 245, 297
osmotic pressure. 245, 272
osteole 164
Ostracods. 183, 1 88, 193, 325, 328, 345
PAGE
otter 241, 274
overflow 87
oxydation 44, 51
oxygen 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 72,
101, 120, 139, 183, 254, 263,
277, 309, 311, 326, 329, 332,
339, 345
oxygen, consumption of 44
" dissolved 80
" excess 44
" free 310
oxylophytes 348
oysters 379
Pacific Ocean 28
paddle-fish 333
Palaemonetes 192, 393
Palmer 48
Pandorina 103, 104
Paper making 381
Paramecium 160, 165
Paraponyx 219, 341
parasites 18, 120, 175, 282, 296
Parnidae 224
Parnids 370
Paulmier 392
peat 95, 96, 147, 348, 350, 352
Pectinatella 168, 169, 247
Pedalion 299, 300
Pediastrum 123, 245, 299, 303
Pedicia albivitta 256
peeper 236, 237
Peltandra 157, 334
Peltodytes 223, 224
Penium 119
peptones 48
perch 232, 233, 291, 306
perch, yellow 234
Peridinium 108, 296
Perla 203, 204
petioles 271
Phaeophyceae 135
Philotria 155, 156, 228, 319, 321
Philodina 299, 318
photomicrographs 117
photosny thesis . .26, 28, 29, 45, 46, 71
Phragmites 343
Phryganea 341
Physa 182,337
pickerel-weed. 156, 157, 321, 334, 405
Pike 231, 232, 233, 235, 387
pipewort 319
Pisidium 341, 345
Index
433
PAGE
pitcher-plant 283, 284, 350, 351
Pitot-tube current meter 86
Placobdella 176
Plagiola 289, 291
Plagues of Egypt 14
Planaria 263
planarians 170, 171
plancton 18, 20, 28, 45, 48, 49,
70, 72, 85, 123, 129, 130,
131, 134, 135, 161, 164, 166,
185, 189, 194, 235, 243, 294
295, 296, 299, 300, 301, 302,
303, 313, 322, 341, 356, 357,
387, 388, 389, 391, 394
plancton animals 299, 301, 325
Crustacea 391
entomostraca 393
feeders 235
gatherers 263, 270
local abundance 306
net 115, 160
of open waters 331
organisms 248, 296
pulses 305
shoreward range 307
of surface 327
plancton strainers 313
planctonts, summer 309
synthetic 308
Planorbis 155, 182, 337, 345
plant assimilation 26
plant infusions 160, 165
plants, chlorophyl-bearing . . . 44, 326
floating 150
insectivorous 282, 283
submerged 155, 334
transpiration of 56
vascular. . .270, 316, 322, 356
Platydorina 104
Platypeza 380
pleasure grounds 21
Plecoptera 195, 203
Pleurotaenium 119
pliancy 271
Ploesoma 299
plover 239
Plumatella 166, 167, 169
plumes 248
plunge basins 63
Podilymbus 240
Podophrya 162
pollen grains 296
pollen tubes 151
PAGE
Polyarthra 299, 300
Polycystis 297
Polycentropus 340
Polygonum 75, 344, 345
Polyphemus 301
Polytrichium 351
Polyzoans 166
pond culture 393
pond-dwellers 172
pond at Lake Forest, 111 410
pond, making of a 406
Pond, Old Forge 388
Pond, Parker's 91
pond-scums 101
pond-snails 327
pondweed, ruffled 152, 272
sago 326, 380, 387
pondweeds 152, 153, 240, 272, 319,
321, 334, 352, 391,
A A 4 5
pondweed zone 232, 233
ponds 59, 121, 155, 167, 299, 307, 316,
333, 345, 356, 397
ponds, hatching 163
" inclosed 408
Pontederiaceae 156
Pontederia 157, 321, 334
pools 14, 57, 64, 81, 133, 156, 163,
164, 184, 210, 307, 316, 319, 322,
35.6
pools, impermanent 157
" polluted 173
rainwater 184
stagnant 127, 139, 160
temporary 177, 227, 263
Potamogeton 152, 153, 220, 240, 321,
334, 336, 387
Potentilla 344
prawn, freshwater 393
prawns 183, 192
Precession of the Equinoxes .... 32
precipitation 55
Priocnemis 330
production, decline of 310
products, animal 382
gelatinous 244, 245
metabolic 244
mucilaginous 245
prolongations 245
propagation 385, 398
propagation, artificial 397
propulsion 249, 250
propulsion, caudal 279
434
Index
PAGE
Protection of breeding fishes .... 385
proteins 48, 139, 148
proteins, liquefaction of 48
protoplasm 30, 244
Protozoa 250, 390
Protozoa, parasitic 162
protozoans 158, 159, 160, 161, 257,
299
protozoans, dilate 171
sessile 162
Psephenus 224, 260, 267, 370, 373
pseudopodia 159, 162
Psorophora 284
Psychoda 359, 360
Psychodidae 230
Pteridophytes 149, 150, 151
Pterodina 299
pubescence 276
puddles 316
pulmonates 337
punkies 279
pupa of Limnophilus 199
pupae of blackfly 280
" dipterous 280
Pyralidae 218
Quadrula 289, 291
Radula 181
rail, Sora 239
" Virginia 239
rails 224, 342
rain 44
rainfall 55, 56, 57, 69, 74, 77, 88, 316
rainfall, excess of 56
surplus 403
variation m 70
rainspouts 166, 177
rainwater 41, 57, 68
Rana pipiens 236
Ranatra 276,278,339
Ranunculus 156, 321, 334
rapids 64
rate of streamflow 85
Rattulus 299
readaptations 270
Reaumur 16, 202
Redi !6
regions, arid 57, 75
limnetic 315,325,326
littoral 315, 325, 326, 341,
395
Reighard, J 28
PAGE
relations, cultural 399
spatial 326,331
Renwick, Ithaca 15
reptiles 231, 238
resemblance, protective 361
Reservation, Clark 63
reservations, public 411
reservoirs 403, 404
reservoirs site 403
respiration 252
Rhabdoccele 170, 172
Rhichteriella 129, 131
Rhizopoda 159
rhizopods 325
Rhizosolenia 297
Rhodophyceae 135
Rhynchostegium 148
Riccia 145, ^46, 334
Ricciocarpus 153
rice, wild 13, 379, 380, 382
riffles 64
rills 77
Rithrogena 369, 370
River, Chippewa 67
" Illinois 48, 49, 79, 80, 83,
85, 103, 107, 131, 171,
312, 356, 357
River, Mississippi 41, 67, 79
Missouri 41
Niagara 61
Seneca 65, 91
Spoon 28,49
St. Mary's 69
St. Mark's 69
Susquehanna 64
Suwannee 94
riverweeds 152
Rivularia 133, 134, 297, 337
rocks, archaean 52
rock ledges 363
rodents 241, 312
Roesel 16, 202
rotifers 106, 166, 177, 178, 179, 246,
248, 250, 257, 266, 269, 282,
298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 309,
312, 318, 325, 327, 328, 341,
390.
, lc
rotifers, loricate 248
resting eggs of 325
sessile 332
Rumex 345
runners 272
Ruppia maritima 71
Index
435
PAGE
rush, beaked 351
club 334
1 spike 354,359
rushes 89, 157, 381
Ryacophila 370
Rynchospora 351
Sagittaria 334
salamander, spotted 237
salamanders. .236, 237, 291, 337, 379
Salpina 299
salts, mineral 40
Salvinia 150, 334
sanitation 21
Saprolegnia 143, 144
Saranac Inn 163
Sarcodina 159
Sarracenia 284
Sars 18
saturation 44, 55
Scapholeberis 328
scavengers 18, 175, 282, 283, 296
Scenedesmus 129, 130
Sciomyzidae 230
Scirpus 87, 334
scuds 183, 189, 190, 332, 341, 345,
360, 390, 392, 393
Scutellaria 344
seals 244
Secchi'sdisc 27,28,65,71
secretions 257
sedges 89, 94, 157, 343, 344, 407
sedges, tussock 352, 354, 357
seed plants : 145
seed production 272
seeds 203
seepage 57,59
Selenastrum 129, 131
Sellards 69
serpents 390
sewage
sewage contamination
sewers
sheepshead 235, 291, 292
shelter-building 257,314,340
shelters. .258, 260, 294, 326, 372, 395
shell, butterfly 291
1 yellow sand 291
shells 244
shoals 30, 73, 90, 91, 145, 156,231,232,
140
357
159
307,331,333,343
sli
shore lines 404, 406, 407
shore vegetation 91, 131
PAGE
shovels 256
shrimps 183, 184, 192
Sialididae 212, 213, 221
Sialis 214
Sida 301
Silica 52, 53, 109, no
silt 26, 27, 29, 42, 67, 77, 84,
85, 191, 251, 252, 254
silt, adherent 340
' depositions of 90
' excess of 326
" inwash of 60
Simocephalus 185, 186, 387
Simuliidae 227
Simulium 81, 259, 280, 358, 363, 364
sinks 68, 69
Siphlonurus ( = Siphlurus) 205, 206,
259, 398
siphons 252
Sirenia 273
Sisyra 214, 215
sludge 173
sluiceways 169
Smith, Lucy Wright , 204
snails 180, 181, 216, 227, 254, 260,
337, 340, 345, 357, 37, 373
388, 398, 399
snails, limpet-shaped 182
" operculate 182, 356
pulmonate 182
" viviparous 182
snakes 250
snipes 239
societies, aquatic 294, 296
bog 348
lenitic. . .315, 316, 356, 360
limnetic 293, 294
littoral 294, 314, 322
10^0315,356,360,362,367,
372,373
soils, calcareous 41, 51, 137
" siliceous 41
Solanum dulcamara 245
soldier-flies 338, 359
solids, dissolved 41, 49
\ suspended 41,43,54
solidity 274
solutions 68, 84, 95
sow-bugs 193
Sparganium 157, 334
spatterdock. . . 154, 322, 334, 380, 405
spawning grounds 385
spawning time 234, 343
436
Index
PAGE
Spelerpes 237, 374
spermaries 138
sperm nuclei 151
Sphaerella 103, 104
Sphaeriidae 181
sphagnum 89, 94, 117, 146, 147, 149,
284, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352,
353, 355, 359
Sphenophorus 346
spicules 164, 266
spiders 183, 192, 346
spiracles 270, 275, 276
Spirillum 140
Spirodela 149, 334
Spirogyra 119, 120, 216, 223, 263, 322
336
Spirotaema 119
Spirulina 133
sponge fishers 30
sponges. 165, 266, 269, 332, 335, 341
sponges, fresh- water 164, 265, 266,
325
sponges, marine 266
spongilla flies 214, 280
sporangia 143
spore development 310
spores 140, 142, 296
springs 53, 57, 59, 64, 84, 152
springtails 195, 338
stagnation 35, 39
starches 244
statoblasts 164, 165, 169, 247, 265,
266, 269, 325
Staurastrum 51, 119, 299
Stauroneis in
Stenostomum 170
Stentor 160, 332
Stephanoceros 178, 299
Stephanodiscus . . . . in, 112, 114, 297
Steuer 27
Sticklebacks 234, 235
Stokes, Alfred C 19
stomates 151, 270, 271
stoneflies 195, 203, 259, 278, 280, 345,
36o, 368, 374
stoneworts 50, 52, 101, 137, 138, 139,
251,263,319,334
strainers 252, 253, 365
strata, soluble 68
stratification, horizontal 307
thermal 31, 34, 35, 39,
46, 54, 7i
Stratiomyia 338
PAGE
stream-line form 249, 250, 251, 259,
273, 274, 313, 366
streams 59, 77, 141, 231, 319, 406
streams, pollution of 80, 130
Streptothrix 142
Strodtmann 305
sturgeon, shovel-nosed 235
sturgeon 291,333,356
Stylaria 173
suckers 232, 233, 234, 259
sulfur 53
sundew 156, 283, 351
sunfish 232, 233, 234, 388
Surber 289
surface film 181, 327, 328, 337
swale-flies 230, 277, 329, 346
swales 56, 64
Swammerdam 16, 202
Swamp, Dismal 90
Okefenokee 93
swamps, coniferous 152
marine 90
sweet flag 157, 343
swimmerets 192
symbiosis 282
Symphynota 287
Synchaeta 178, 299, 300, 303
Synedra in, 112, 297
Synura 103, 107, 303
Syrphidae 229
syrphus flies 339, 380
Tabelaria in, 114, 115, 245, 297, 303,
305
Tabanidae 227
tadpoles 236
tailfin 251
Tanypus 225
Tanytarsus 257, 371, 372
tardigrade 164
tear-thumb 343, 344
teeth, raptorial 235, 313
temperature 25, 37, 244, 248, 304,
306, 307, 308
temperature, at different depths
32, 34, 35, 36, 38
changes of 40
conditions of. .32, 36, 46
fluctuations of 345
levels of 39
optimum 131
range of 33, 34
yearly cycle of 34
Index
437
PAGE
tentacles 176
terns 342
Tetmemorus 119
Tetrapedia 130, 299
Tetraspora 129, 131
thallus 153
thermocline 37, 39, 72, 309, 31 1
thoracic appendages . . . . 183, 188, 189
Thysanura 195
Tipulidae 297
Tipula 360
tides 73
toads 236, 237
Taeniopteryx 279
topography 74
trachea 275
tracheae 270, 278, 279
Trachelomonas 103, 108
tracheoles 278, 279
transpiration 348
Trembly 16
Triaenodes 215, 218, 280, 337
Triarthra 299, 300
Tribonema 124, 126
Trichobacteria 141, 142
Trichodesmium 101
Trichoptera 195, 214
trochophores 250
Trochosphaera 178
trout .... 163, 176, 313, 385, 393, 394
trumpets, respiratory 277, 280
tubercles 256
tube-dwellers 370
tubes 121, 226, 240, 278, 372
tubers 272, 380, 382
Tubifex 1 73, 174, 254, 340
turtles 175, 238, 343, 390
tusks, mandibular 255, 256
Typhaceae 156
Typha 91, 321, 334, 346
Ulothrix 124, 336
Ferguson, W. K 394
ferments 139
ferns 351
fernworts 145, 153
Fiber zibethicus 241
field stations 20
filaments, algal 102
filaments, spore-bearing 319
filter 20
filtering 113
fingerlings 384, 385
fins 250
" pectoral 234
fish's bill of fare 398
Fish Commission, United States 79
Fish and Game Commission,
New York State 344
fish culture 21, 384, 385, 387, 389,
390, 399, 400, 408
fish 290,379,383,403
fish eggs 384
fisher 241, 274
fishes 282, 362, 386, 387, 389, 390,
399, 404
fish-flies 213
fish food 183, 189, 190, 235, 294, 390,
391, 392, 393, 396, 397
fish forage 384, 386, 393, 403, 408
fish fry 384
Index
427
PAGE
fish fry, planting of 384, 385, 386
" raising 385
fish, fresh for the table 407
fishponds. . 387, 396, 404
fish population 398
fish raising 404, 408
Fissidens julianum 148
flagella 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108,
246, 250, 310
flagellates 102, 103, 106, 107, 246,
248, 296, 302, 303, 305,
306, 309, 311, 316, 356
flagellates, chlorophyl-bearing . . 299
green 104
shell-bearing 108
spherical 108
winter 107
flatworms 170, 171, 172, 173, 250,
260, 263, 340, 370
floats 247, 266, 284
flocculence 295
flood 57,67,75,87
flood conditions 88
flood-decline 88
flood plain. 64, 77, 87, 356
flood plain of rivers 67
flood rise 88
flora 18, 53
Florida 59
Floscularia 178, 299
flotation 243, 245, 246, 247, 251, 272,
297
flotsam 153
foliage 45
food, abundance of 306
' available 304
1 dependencies 389
" dissolved 26
" examinations 398
food-fishes 387, 39
food preferences 305, 391
" relations 389
foodstuffs 395, 402
food supply 21, 25
Fontinalis 148
forage fishes 398, 399
foragers 367
foragers, shelter-building 370
foraging grounds 57
foraging habits 373
forage organisms 396, 398
Forbes, Stephen A. 70, 80, 389, 390,
394
PAGE
Forel, F. A 53, 76
forget-me-not 405
Fragillaria 115, 245, 297, 305, 308
Fredericella 166
freezing point 244
frog, bull 237
green 237
leopard 236, 237
pickerel 237
tree 237
wood 237
frogs 175, 236, 237, 343, 383, 387, 390
frost-line 83
fungi 139
fungi, parasitic 296
fungus 282, 400
fur-bearers 241
furs 379
Galingale, low 207
Galium palustre 344
Gammarus 190, 191, 360, 392
gas, marsh 96
gases 25, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, 55,
56, 244, 252, 265, 279, 309
gases, noxious 96
Gastropus 299
gars 291,333
geese 239, 240, 242
gelatin 127, 161, 169
gemmules 164, 247
gill arches 313
" cavity 292
" chambers 209, 252
" covers 253, 366
gill-plates 208, 251
gill-rakers 235, 313
gill-strainers 392
gills 182, 217, 233, 235, 236, 252, 273,
275, 279, 280, 288, 369, 370, 397
gills, anal 279
blood 279
filamentous 204, 224, 279
mussel 181
tracheal 278, 279, 368
tube 280, 368
glacial period 62
glaciation 64
glands 284
Glenodinium 103, 108
glochidia 181, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291
Gloiotrichia 297, 304
Glyceria 334
428
Index
PAGE
Goera 371
goldfish 384, 399
golden shiner 235, 387, 399
goldthread 351
Gomphines 209, 254, 357
Gonatozygon 117, 119
Goniobasis 370
gonidia 141
Gonium 104
Gordius 174
gorges, post-glacial 64
gradient of channel 85
gravel, deposits of 42
gravity, specific 243, 244, 246
grebes 342
grouping by levels 326
Grout, A. J 148
gulls 239
Gyrinidae , 221
Gyrinus 337
Gyrosigma 112
i
Habenaria 35
habitat 294
Haeckel, E 392
haemoglobin 253
Haemopsis 175, 176
hairs 248, 274
hairs, glandular 283, 285
Halesus guttifer 198, 361
Haliplidae 223, 275, 346
Haliplus 277
hand-net 20
Hankinson, T. L 231, 233
Harper, Francis 93
hatcheries 384, 385, 400
Hawkins, L. S 32 1
Headlee, T. J 324
Deaths 157,351,355, 357
Helicopsyche 370, 372, 373
hellgrammite 214, 313
Hellriegel 56
Hemerobiidae 212, 214
Hemilastena 291
Hemiptera 195, 210, 274
hemp- weed, climbing 345
Heptagenia 278, 368, 370
herbivores 18, 128, 153, 180, 186, 282,
318,373,389,390,392
herring 291,313
herons 239
Heterocope 311
Hexagenia 115, 255, 341, 398
PAGE
hibernacula 264, 265, 272
hibernating 269
Hibiscus 145, 405
Holopedium 52
hooks 247, 266
hornwort. 134, 154, 155, 271, 272, 334
horseflies 227, 254
horse-leeches 175, 250
host species 291
Howard, A. D 289, 291
huckleberries 351
humid regions 55, 56
humus 57
husbandry 385, 386, 412
Hyalella 191
Hy datina 299, 305
Hydra 163, 164, 282, 325, 327, 332,
341
Hydrachnidae 193
Hydrocampa 218, 257, 337
Hydrodictyon 122, 124
hydrogen sulphide 47, 96
Hydrohypnum 358
hydromechanics 107
Hydrophilidae 222, 276, 346
Hydrophilids 221, 222
Hydrophilus 275
Hydroporus 222, 333
Hydroptilidae 216
Hydroptila 258
Hydropsychidae 217
Hydropsyche . . 218, 363, 364, 365, 370
hydroxide of iron 142
Hydrurus 136
Hymenoptera 195
Hypericum virginicum 344
hypnums 148, 149
hypolimnion 37
Ice 35, 36, 80, 81, 120
ice, anchor 82, 83
ice, floes 61
ice in streams 81
ice rubble 81, 82
Ignis fatuus 96
Illinois State Laboratory of Na-
tural History 50, 79
infusoria 171, 179
inclusions 244
increase, rapidity of 306
incrustations of lime 251 *
Indianapolis News 384
Indians 13
Index
429
PAGE
insects 183, 251, 274, 357, 358, 367,
390, 399
insects, aquatic 338
gall 291
herbivorous 398
net-winged 195, 212
plancton-gathering .... 364
internodes 138
inundation 88
iris 404
iron 53
iron sulphate 95
Isoetes 151
Isopoda 190
Ischnura verticalis 207, 208
Ithytrichia. . ( 260, 262, 372
Jack-o-lantern 96
Jagerskiold 172
Johannsen, O. A 299
' ointweed 345
o-pye-weed 323
uday, C. 36, 37, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47,
51,53,72,263,308,312
Juncaceae 157
Kent 309
Kirchnerella 129, 131
Knight, H.H 75, 196,350
Kofoid C. A. 22, 48, 83, 85, 88, 103,
107, 113, 130, 131, 164,
171, 312, 356
Laccophilus 333
lace-wings 214
lagoons 334
Lake Alachua 69
1 Canandaigua 65
' Cayuga 28, 32, 36, 42, 60, 64,
65, 73, 114, 123, 151,
218, 232,240, 295, 296,
300, 308, 309
Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho 60
44 Devil's, Wisconsin 51, 71
Erie 63
Evans' Michigan 62
11 Flag 312
Flathead 71
Pure, Denmark 28
44 Geneva 28, 76
1 Great Salt. 71
44 Green 63
" HaUstatter, Austria 33
PAGE
Lake Huron 63
44 Kegonsa 66
" Keuka 64, 65
" Knight's 44
" Louise,B.C 60
1 ' Mendota 37,38, 46, 47, 66, 304,
306,310
Miccosukee 69
Michigan . .28, 61, 63, 114, 312
1 Monona 66
44 Okoboji 71
" Ontario 63
1 Otisco 65,72
" Owasco 65
44 Pepin 67
Phelps 57
Pontchartrain 67
44 Quiver 49, 164
44 Seneca 65
1 Silver 71
44 Skaneateles 65, 72
1 St.Clair 28
1 Sumner, Isle Royal 54
44 Superior 63, 73
Tahoe.., 28,60
Thompson's 49
Turkey 312
Wabesa 66
Walnut 161, 233, 239
Winona 71, 324
44 Yellowstone 70
lakes .59, 60, 231, 232, 299, 307, 316,
333, 356, 406
' alkaline or salt 74
' crater 60
' currents in 73
44 depth of 71
Lakes, Finger 64, 65
lakes, floodplain 67
44 of Florida 69
44 Fulton Chain of 165
Lakes, The Great 61, 63, 91, 301
lakes, playa 75
polar 36
44 solution 67, 68
strand 75
44 Swiss 76
44 of Wisconsin 66
44 of Yahara Valley 66
44 stagnation periods of . ... 34, 46
Lakeside Biological Laboratories
70,71
Lampsilis 290, 291, 324, 325
430
Index
PAGE
larvae, of black flies 227, 364
of beetles 120, 250, 368
of caddis-flies 215
of craneflies 256
dipterous 224, 227, 288
of fish-flies 213
of horseflies. . . .227, 230, 340
of mayflies 120, 332
of midges 226, 227, 250, 258,
325, 338, 341, 356,
373, 387, 388, 389,
. 390, 393, 394, 397
of mosquitoes 227, 250
of orl flies 213
of punkies 120
" of spongilla flies 215
leaf -beetle 346
leaf-drift 360
leech, clepsine 176
leeches, 171, 175 176, 257, 325, 341,
. 364
Leersia 344
Leeuwenhoek 16
Lefevre, G 290
Leidy, Joseph 19
Lemanea 135, 136
Lemnaceae 135
Lemna 150, 173, 240, 321, 334
Lepidoptera 195, 218
Leptidae, aquatic 229
Leptoceridae 216
Leptocerus 216, 260, 372
Leptodora 301, 311, 312
Leptophlebia 360
Leptothrix 141, 142
Lestes 341, 345, 346
Leunis 173
Libellula 340
lichens 132, 282
life cycle 260,261,274,316,397
life, on the bottom 326
1 at the surface 327
1 in open water 243
light 306, 307, 308
light relations 29
Liljeborg 18
Lime 50
limestone 50
Limnsea 182
Limnacea 346
Limnephilus 197, 198, 199, 200
Limnobates 346
Limnocalanus. 301, 311
Limnochares
limnological phenomena . . .
Limnophilus
Limnophora
limpet
Lintner, A. J
liverworts 146,
lobsters
locomotion
locomotion, rolling
locn
Lorenz
lorica 106,
loricate forms
lotus
Lloyd, J. U
lubrication
Ludvigia palustris
lungs
Lyman, Helen Williamson.
Lyngbya
PAGE
. ... 194
. . . . 14
.... 345
- 359
. . . . 260
. . . . 214
153, 334
. ... 192
.273,281
. 104, 107
. ... 239
33
161, 178
. . . . 299
.380, 404
54
272
.... 156
.275,276
. ... 214
297, 305
Mackerel 250
Macrobiotus 164, 166
Magazine, Farmers' 384
maggot, rat-tailed 229, 277, 339
magnesia 50
Malacostraca 183, 189, 301
Mallomonas 299, 308, 309
Malpighi 16
mammals 231, 273, 274
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. .. .51,84
manna grass. . . 334, 343
mantle 252
marl 50, 75, 352
marsh bedstraw 344
bellwort 344
fern 145,344
five-finger 344
gas 48
horsetails 151
mallow 145
Montezuma 65, 87, 91, 92
ponds 95
Renwick, Ithaca 347
skull-cap 344
St. John's wort 344
marsh-treader 346
marsh-wren 342
marshes 14, 48, 59, 64, 65, 66,
73, 89, 90, 95, 97, 263,
307, 3i6, 333, 345, 346, 402,
411
Index
431
PAGE
marshes, Canoga 318
cat-tail 91, 240, 241
fresh- water . 90
utilization of 408
Marsilea 134, H9, 321, 323, 334- W
marten '. 241
Mastigophora 102
Matheson, Robert. 222, 223, 277, 317
mating flights 206
matter, dissolved 26
matter, suspended 26, 42
mayflies 14, 115, 195, 205, 253, 255,
259, 260, 280, 281, 345, 356,
357, 36o, 361, 368, 370, 372,
373, 398
mayfly, burrowing 255
mayfly, howdy 364, 366
McDonald, E 62
McLean, New York 350, 352
Mediterranean Sea 28
Melicerta 178, 257, 299
Melosira in, 112,297,303
Menyanthes trifoliata 345
Meridion in, 113, 114, 297
Merismopaedia 134, 135, 299
Mesotasnium 119
metabolism 44, 272
metamorphosis 195, 197, 200, 201,
205, 220, 237, 287,
290
Metazoa 246
metazoans 163, 164, 165
methane 47,48,96
Micrasterias 52, 53, 119
microplancton 20
microscope 15, 101, 115,327
Microcystis. . . 132, 133, 297, 303, 308
midge, net- winged 228, 259, 267
midges 14, 225, 254, 257, 258, 358,
361, 371, 373
migrations 240, 316
Mikania scandens 345
milfoils 271, 405
mink 241, 274
minnow, red-bellied 294
minnows 232, 233, 287, 345, 366, 374,
394, 399
mites 192, 285
moccasin flower 351
mold parasites 144
molds 100
mollusca, lotic 373
molluscs 50, 52, 180, 216, 235, 288,
342, 345, 352, 382, 390
PAGE
molluscs, shell-bearing 340
Monostyla 299
Moore, Emmeline 150, 391
Morgan, Anna H 206, 253
mosquitoes 227, 280, 284, 318, 339,
346
moss, brook-inhabiting 148
moss patches 358
moss, xerophytic 351
mosses 146, 149
mossworts 145
moth-flies 230, 360
moth, tineid 346
moths 195, 218, 284, 341
Mougeotia 119
Mountains, Rocky no
mucilage 272
muck 95, 96, 154
mucus 129, 131, 181
mud banks 407
mud pond 352
mud puppy 291
muscles 256, 281
muskellunge 313
muskrat 241, 274, 341, 380
mtfesel, salamander 291
mussel shells 216
mussel, wash-board 289
mussel, warty-back 289
mussels 180, 181, 194, 240, 251, 252,
254, 257, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 324, 332, 341,
356, 357, 36o, 383
mussels, eggs of 287
mussels, fresh- water . . . . 180, 282, 286
Myriophyllum 154, 155
Mysidacea 189
Mysis 189, 190,301,311
Myxophyceae 132
Nachtrieb, H. F 176
Naidae 173
naiads 152, 173, 334
Nais 153, 173, 177,321
Najas 334
nauplius 188, 200
Navicula 109, no, 112, 299
navigation 403
necton2i3, 243, 294, 296, 313, 331,
34i
Necturus 236, 291
Needham, John T 83, 352
Nemoura 360
Nematodes 172, 173
432
Index
PAGE
Nepidae 212
Netrium 119
nets, of silk bolting-cloth 18, 20
Neuroptera 195, 202, 212
newt, vermilion-spotted 237
New York State Museum 165
nigger-heads 291
nightshade bittersweet 345
Nitella 137, 138, 139
nitrates 48, 49, 50, 141
nitrites 48, 49, 141
Nitrogen 43, 47, 48, 50, 139, 141, 348,
351
nodes 138
Nostoc 133, 282, 337
nostrils 273
Noteus 299
Notholca 246, 299, 300, 303
Notodromas 188, 328
Notommata parasita 282
Notonecta 276, 337
nucleus 117, 121
Nymphaea 334
nymph 201 , 204
nymph, damselfly 208
dragonfly. .250, 252, 340, 360
Hexagenia 398
mayfly 278, 340, 341, 369,
387, 388, 390, 396
stonefly 204, 279
Obovaria ellipsis 291
Odonata 195,207,345
(Edogomum 124, 125, 126
offsets 272
oils 273
Oligochaete 173, 250
Oocystis 129, 131
ooze 173, 251
opercula 253
operculum 182
Ophiocytium 129, 131
Ophrydium 161
orchids 158, 351
organs, locomotor 246
organisms, chlorophyl-bearing 71
l^toral 314,315,356
lotic 263
orl flies 213, 280
Oscillatoria 109, 133, 245, 297
osmotic pressure. 245, 272
osteole 164
Ostracods. 183, 1 88, 193, 325, 328, 345
PAGE
otter 241, 274
overflow 87
oxydation 44, 51
oxygen 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 72,
101, 120, 139, 183, 254, 263,
277, 309, 311, 326, 329, 332,
339, 345
oxygen, consumption of 44
" dissolved 80
" excess 44
" free 310
oxylophytes 348
oysters 379
Pacific Ocean 28
paddle-fish 333
Palaemonetes 192, 393
Palmer 48
Pandorina 103, 104
Paper making 381
Paramecium 160, 165
Paraponyx 219, 341
parasites 18, 120, 175, 282, 296
Parnidae 224
Parnids 370
Paulmier 392
peat 95, 96, 147, 348, 350, 352
Pectinatella 168, 169, 247
Pedalion 299, 300
Pediastrum 123, 245, 299, 303
Pedicia albivitta 256
peeper 236, 237
Peltandra 157, 334
Peltodytes 223, 224
Penium 119
peptones 48
perch 232, 233, 291, 306
perch, yellow 234
Peridinium 108, 296
Perla 203, 204
petioles 271
Phaeophyceae 135
Philotria 155, 156, 228, 319, 321
Philodina 299, 318
photomicrographs 117
photosny thesis . .26, 28, 29, 45, 46, 71
Phragmites 343
Phryganea 341
Physa 182,337
pickerel-weed. 156, 157, 321, 334, 405
Pike 231, 232, 233, 235, 387
pipewort 319
Pisidium 341, 345
Index
433
PAGE
pitcher-plant 283, 284, 350, 351
Pitot-tube current meter 86
Placobdella 176
Plagiola 289, 291
Plagues of Egypt 14
Planaria 263
planarians 170, 171
plancton 18, 20, 28, 45, 48, 49,
70, 72, 85, 123, 129, 130,
131, 134, 135, 161, 164, 166,
185, 189, 194, 235, 243, 294
295, 296, 299, 300, 301, 302,
303, 313, 322, 341, 356, 357,
387, 388, 389, 391, 394
plancton animals 299, 301, 325
Crustacea 391
entomostraca 393
feeders 235
gatherers 263, 270
local abundance 306
net 115, 160
of open waters 331
organisms 248, 296
pulses 305
shoreward range 307
of surface 327
plancton strainers 313
planctonts, summer 309
synthetic 308
Planorbis 155, 182, 337, 345
plant assimilation 26
plant infusions 160, 165
plants, chlorophyl-bearing . . . 44, 326
floating 150
insectivorous 282, 283
submerged 155, 334
transpiration of 56
vascular. . .270, 316, 322, 356
Platydorina 104
Platypeza 380
pleasure grounds 21
Plecoptera 195, 203
Pleurotaenium 119
pliancy 271
Ploesoma 299
plover 239
Plumatella 166, 167, 169
plumes 248
plunge basins 63
Podilymbus 240
Podophrya 162
pollen grains 296
pollen tubes 151
PAGE
Polyarthra 299, 300
Polycystis 297
Polycentropus 340
Polygonum 75, 344, 345
Polyphemus 301
Polytrichium 351
Polyzoans 166
pond culture 393
pond-dwellers 172
pond at Lake Forest, 111 410
pond, making of a 406
Pond, Old Forge 388
Pond, Parker's 91
pond-scums 101
pond-snails 327
pondweed, ruffled 152, 272
sago 326, 380, 387
pondweeds 152, 153, 240, 272, 319,
321, 334, 352, 391,
A A 4 5
pondweed zone 232, 233
ponds 59, 121, 155, 167, 299, 307, 316,
333, 345, 356, 397
ponds, hatching 163
" inclosed 408
Pontederiaceae 156
Pontederia 157, 321, 334
pools 14, 57, 64, 81, 133, 156, 163,
164, 184, 210, 307, 316, 319, 322,
35.6
pools, impermanent 157
" polluted 173
rainwater 184
stagnant 127, 139, 160
temporary 177, 227, 263
Potamogeton 152, 153, 220, 240, 321,
334, 336, 387
Potentilla 344
prawn, freshwater 393
prawns 183, 192
Precession of the Equinoxes .... 32
precipitation 55
Priocnemis 330
production, decline of 310
products, animal 382
gelatinous 244, 245
metabolic 244
mucilaginous 245
prolongations 245
propagation 385, 398
propagation, artificial 397
propulsion 249, 250
propulsion, caudal 279
434
Index
PAGE
Protection of breeding fishes .... 385
proteins 48, 139, 148
proteins, liquefaction of 48
protoplasm 30, 244
Protozoa 250, 390
Protozoa, parasitic 162
protozoans 158, 159, 160, 161, 257,
299
protozoans, dilate 171
sessile 162
Psephenus 224, 260, 267, 370, 373
pseudopodia 159, 162
Psorophora 284
Psychoda 359, 360
Psychodidae 230
Pteridophytes 149, 150, 151
Pterodina 299
pubescence 276
puddles 316
pulmonates 337
punkies 279
pupa of Limnophilus 199
pupae of blackfly 280
" dipterous 280
Pyralidae 218
Quadrula 289, 291
Radula 181
rail, Sora 239
" Virginia 239
rails 224, 342
rain 44
rainfall 55, 56, 57, 69, 74, 77, 88, 316
rainfall, excess of 56
surplus 403
variation m 70
rainspouts 166, 177
rainwater 41, 57, 68
Rana pipiens 236
Ranatra 276,278,339
Ranunculus 156, 321, 334
rapids 64
rate of streamflow 85
Rattulus 299
readaptations 270
Reaumur 16, 202
Redi !6
regions, arid 57, 75
limnetic 315,325,326
littoral 315, 325, 326, 341,
395
Reighard, J 28
PAGE
relations, cultural 399
spatial 326,331
Renwick, Ithaca 15
reptiles 231, 238
resemblance, protective 361
Reservation, Clark 63
reservations, public 411
reservoirs 403, 404
reservoirs site 403
respiration 252
Rhabdoccele 170, 172
Rhichteriella 129, 131
Rhizopoda 159
rhizopods 325
Rhizosolenia 297
Rhodophyceae 135
Rhynchostegium 148
Riccia 145, ^46, 334
Ricciocarpus 153
rice, wild 13, 379, 380, 382
riffles 64
rills 77
Rithrogena 369, 370
River, Chippewa 67
" Illinois 48, 49, 79, 80, 83,
85, 103, 107, 131, 171,
312, 356, 357
River, Mississippi 41, 67, 79
Missouri 41
Niagara 61
Seneca 65, 91
Spoon 28,49
St. Mary's 69
St. Mark's 69
Susquehanna 64
Suwannee 94
riverweeds 152
Rivularia 133, 134, 297, 337
rocks, archaean 52
rock ledges 363
rodents 241, 312
Roesel 16, 202
rotifers 106, 166, 177, 178, 179, 246,
248, 250, 257, 266, 269, 282,
298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 309,
312, 318, 325, 327, 328, 341,
390.
, lc
rotifers, loricate 248
resting eggs of 325
sessile 332
Rumex 345
runners 272
Ruppia maritima 71
Index
435
PAGE
rush, beaked 351
club 334
1 spike 354,359
rushes 89, 157, 381
Ryacophila 370
Rynchospora 351
Sagittaria 334
salamander, spotted 237
salamanders. .236, 237, 291, 337, 379
Salpina 299
salts, mineral 40
Salvinia 150, 334
sanitation 21
Saprolegnia 143, 144
Saranac Inn 163
Sarcodina 159
Sarracenia 284
Sars 18
saturation 44, 55
Scapholeberis 328
scavengers 18, 175, 282, 283, 296
Scenedesmus 129, 130
Sciomyzidae 230
Scirpus 87, 334
scuds 183, 189, 190, 332, 341, 345,
360, 390, 392, 393
Scutellaria 344
seals 244
Secchi'sdisc 27,28,65,71
secretions 257
sedges 89, 94, 157, 343, 344, 407
sedges, tussock 352, 354, 357
seed plants : 145
seed production 272
seeds 203
seepage 57,59
Selenastrum 129, 131
Sellards 69
serpents 390
sewage
sewage contamination
sewers
sheepshead 235, 291, 292
shelter-building 257,314,340
shelters. .258, 260, 294, 326, 372, 395
shell, butterfly 291
1 yellow sand 291
shells 244
shoals 30, 73, 90, 91, 145, 156,231,232,
140
357
159
307,331,333,343
sli
shore lines 404, 406, 407
shore vegetation 91, 131
PAGE
shovels 256
shrimps 183, 184, 192
Sialididae 212, 213, 221
Sialis 214
Sida 301
Silica 52, 53, 109, no
silt 26, 27, 29, 42, 67, 77, 84,
85, 191, 251, 252, 254
silt, adherent 340
' depositions of 90
' excess of 326
" inwash of 60
Simocephalus 185, 186, 387
Simuliidae 227
Simulium 81, 259, 280, 358, 363, 364
sinks 68, 69
Siphlonurus ( = Siphlurus) 205, 206,
259, 398
siphons 252
Sirenia 273
Sisyra 214, 215
sludge 173
sluiceways 169
Smith, Lucy Wright , 204
snails 180, 181, 216, 227, 254, 260,
337, 340, 345, 357, 37, 373
388, 398, 399
snails, limpet-shaped 182
" operculate 182, 356
pulmonate 182
" viviparous 182
snakes 250
snipes 239
societies, aquatic 294, 296
bog 348
lenitic. . .315, 316, 356, 360
limnetic 293, 294
littoral 294, 314, 322
10^0315,356,360,362,367,
372,373
soils, calcareous 41, 51, 137
" siliceous 41
Solanum dulcamara 245
soldier-flies 338, 359
solids, dissolved 41, 49
\ suspended 41,43,54
solidity 274
solutions 68, 84, 95
sow-bugs 193
Sparganium 157, 334
spatterdock. . . 154, 322, 334, 380, 405
spawning grounds 385
spawning time 234, 343
436
Index
PAGE
Spelerpes 237, 374
spermaries 138
sperm nuclei 151
Sphaerella 103, 104
Sphaeriidae 181
sphagnum 89, 94, 117, 146, 147, 149,
284, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352,
353, 355, 359
Sphenophorus 346
spicules 164, 266
spiders 183, 192, 346
spiracles 270, 275, 276
Spirillum 140
Spirodela 149, 334
Spirogyra 119, 120, 216, 223, 263, 322
336
Spirotaema 119
Spirulina 133
sponge fishers 30
sponges. 165, 266, 269, 332, 335, 341
sponges, fresh- water 164, 265, 266,
325
sponges, marine 266
spongilla flies 214, 280
sporangia 143
spore development 310
spores 140, 142, 296
springs 53, 57, 59, 64, 84, 152
springtails 195, 338
stagnation 35, 39
starches 244
statoblasts 164, 165, 169, 247, 265,
266, 269, 325
Staurastrum 51, 119, 299
Stauroneis in
Stenostomum 170
Stentor 160, 332
Stephanoceros 178, 299
Stephanodiscus . . . . in, 112, 114, 297
Steuer 27
Sticklebacks 234, 235
Stokes, Alfred C 19
stomates 151, 270, 271
stoneflies 195, 203, 259, 278, 280, 345,
36o, 368, 374
stoneworts 50, 52, 101, 137, 138, 139,
251,263,319,334
strainers 252, 253, 365
strata, soluble 68
stratification, horizontal 307
thermal 31, 34, 35, 39,
46, 54, 7i
Stratiomyia 338
PAGE
stream-line form 249, 250, 251, 259,
273, 274, 313, 366
streams 59, 77, 141, 231, 319, 406
streams, pollution of 80, 130
Streptothrix 142
Strodtmann 305
sturgeon, shovel-nosed 235
sturgeon 291,333,356
Stylaria 173
suckers 232, 233, 234, 259
sulfur 53
sundew 156, 283, 351
sunfish 232, 233, 234, 388
Surber 289
surface film 181, 327, 328, 337
swale-flies 230, 277, 329, 346
swales 56, 64
Swammerdam 16, 202
Swamp, Dismal 90
Okefenokee 93
swamps, coniferous 152
marine 90
sweet flag 157, 343
swimmerets 192
symbiosis 282
Symphynota 287
Synchaeta 178, 299, 300, 303
Synedra in, 112, 297
Synura 103, 107, 303
Syrphidae 229
syrphus flies 339, 380
Tabelaria in, 114, 115, 245, 297, 303,
305
Tabanidae 227
tadpoles 236
tailfin 251
Tanypus 225
Tanytarsus 257, 371, 372
tardigrade 164
tear-thumb 343, 344
teeth, raptorial 235, 313
temperature 25, 37, 244, 248, 304,
306, 307, 308
temperature, at different depths
32, 34, 35, 36, 38
changes of 40
conditions of. .32, 36, 46
fluctuations of 345
levels of 39
optimum 131
range of 33, 34
yearly cycle of 34
Index
437
PAGE
tentacles 176
terns 342
Tetmemorus 119
Tetrapedia 130, 299
Tetraspora 129, 131
thallus 153
thermocline 37, 39, 72, 309, 31 1
thoracic appendages . . . . 183, 188, 189
Thysanura 195
Tipulidae 297
Tipula 360
tides 73
toads 236, 237
Taeniopteryx 279
topography 74
trachea 275
tracheae 270, 278, 279
Trachelomonas 103, 108
tracheoles 278, 279
transpiration 348
Trembly 16
Triaenodes 215, 218, 280, 337
Triarthra 299, 300
Tribonema 124, 126
Trichobacteria 141, 142
Trichodesmium 101
Trichoptera 195, 214
trochophores 250
Trochosphaera 178
trout .... 163, 176, 313, 385, 393, 394
trumpets, respiratory 277, 280
tubercles 256
tube-dwellers 370
tubes 121, 226, 240, 278, 372
tubers 272, 380, 382
Tubifex 1 73, 174, 254, 340
turtles 175, 238, 343, 390
tusks, mandibular 255, 256
Typhaceae 156
Typha 91, 321, 334, 346
Ulothrix 124, 336
Online Library → James G. (James George) Needham → The life of inland waters; an elementary text book of fresh-water biology for students → online text (page 25 of 26)
Using the text of ebook The life of inland waters; an elementary text book of fresh-water biology for students by James G. (James George) Needham active link like:
read the ebook The life of inland waters; an elementary text book of fresh-water biology for students
read the ebook The life of inland waters; an elementary text book of fresh-water biology for students
