Comparative religion, its adjuncts and allies online

COMPARATIVE RELIGION

ITS ADJUNCTS AND ALLIES



BY THE SAME AUTHOB

COMPARATIVE RELIGION:

ITS MEANING AND VALUE.

A General Exposition. The Aims, Needs, and
Outlook of this Science. 8vo. Pp. 600. 12s. net.

[Shortly.

COMPARATIVE RELIGION:

ITS GENESIS AND GROWTH.

An Historical Exposition. Eepresentative Founders,
Programmes, and Schools. 8vo. Pp. 600. 12s. net.

[Out of print. A revised edition, entirely re-

ivritten, in preparation.

COMPARATIVE RELIGION:

ITS PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS.

A Critical Exposition. Processes, Discoveries, and
Portents. A Handbook for Students. 8vo. Pp. 600.
12s. net. [In preparation.

EACH VOLUME IS COMPLETE IN ITSELF.



COMPARATIVE
RELIGION

ITS ADJUNCTS AND ALLIES



BY

LOUIS HENRY JORDAN, B.D. (Edin.)

MEMBER OF THE fNSTITUT ETHNOGRAPHIQUE INTERNATIONAL, PARIS

ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF THE ' REVIEW OF THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY '

AUTHOR OF 'comparative RELIGION: ITS GENESIS AND GROWTH'

' THE STUDY OF RELIGION IN THE ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES '

ETC. ETC.



HUMPHREY MILFORD

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW

NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

1915






PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFOED UNIVERSITY PRESS




»U^-^.r



CONTENTS



Peeface ....
The Purpose of this Survey



PAGE
XV

xxvi



PART I



AVENUES OF APPROACH

I. ANTHROPOLOGY.

Dieserud, The Scope and Content of the Science of Anthro

pology

Frazer, The Golden Bough
V. Gennep, Religions, mceurs et legendes
Hartland, Ritual and Belief .
Nilsson, Primitive Religion .
Quiggin, Essays and Studies .
Reinach, Cultes, mythes et religions
Reuter, L'Origine des religions
Temple, Anthropology as a Practical Science
Supplementary Volumes



10
12
19
23
26
27
28
31
32
33



II. ETHNOLOGY.

Chadwick, The Heroic Age ...... 38

Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States .... 40

Frobenius, Und Afrika sprach ..... 43

Graebner, Methode der Ethnologic ..... 46

Hanauer, Folk-Lore of the Holy Land : Moslem, Christian,

and Jewish ........ 49

Hutchinson, Customs of the World . . . . .51

Lawson, Modern Greek Folklore and An^iient Greek Religion 64
Meinhof, Afrikanische Religionen . . . . .66

Pettazzoni, La Religione primitiva in Sardegna . . 57

Supplementary Volumes ..... 60



334544



VI



CONTENTS



III. SOCIOLOGY.



PAGE



66



Durkheim, Les Formes elementaires de la vie rdigieuse

Henderson, Social Programmes in the West ... 69
*<Levy-Bruhl, Les Fonctions mentales dans les societes

inferieures ........ 72

<^Smith, Rdigion in the Making . . . . .75

Vernes, Histoire sociale des religions . ... 11

Supplementary Volumes ..... 79



IV. ARCHAEOLOGY.

Garstang, The Land of the Hittites .
Handcock, Mesopotamian Archceology
Jessel, The Unknown History of the Jews
Petrie, The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt
SchifiEer, Die Aramder

Supplementary Volumes



84
87
89
90
92
93



V. MYTHOLOGY.

Ehrenreich, Die AUgemeine Mythologie .
Guerber, The Myths of Greece and Rome
Murray, Four Stages of Greek Religion .
Palmer, The Samson-Saga
\i Wundt, Vblkerpsychologie

Supplementary Volumes



100
101
102
104
106
108



VI. PHILOLOGY.

Conybeare, Harris and Lewis, The Story of Ahikar .

Deissmann, Licht vom Osten . .

Evans, Scripta Minoa ...

Marucchi, Epigrafia cristiana ....

Meyer, Der Papyrusfund von Elephantine

Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testainent

Sachau, Aramdische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer

jiidischen Militdr-Kolonie zu Elephantine .
Sayce, The Archceology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
Supplementary Volumes ....



116
118
120
122
123
126

127
130
134



CONTENTS



Vll



VII. PSYCHOLOGY. page

Ames, The Psychology of Religious Experience . . 142

Cook, The Foundations of Religion .... 143

Hill, Religion and Modern Psychology .... 146
Hocking, The Meaning of God in Human Experience . 147
King, The Development of Religion .... 149

Leuba, A Psychological Study of Religion . . . 151

Pratt, The Psychology of Religious Belief . . . 153
Stratton, Psychology of the Religious Life . . . 155

Tallmg^ The Science of Spiritual Life . . . .157
Warneck, Die Lehenskrafte des Evangeliums . . .157

Wa.tson, The Interpretation of Religious Experience . . 160
Supplementary Volumes . . . . .160



VIII. THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS.

(1) General Manuals.

Beuchat et Hollebecque, Les Religions .
Bishop, The World's Altar Stairs .
Bricout, Oil en est Vhistoire des religions ?
Dussaud, Introduction a Vhistoire des religions
Geden, Studies in the Religions of the East
Hinneberg, Die Religionen des Orients .
Huby, Christus. Manuel d'histoire des religions
Martindale, Lectures on the History of Religions
Menzies, History of Religion ....

Moore, History of Religions .....
V. Orelli, Allgemeine Religionsgeschichte .
Soderblom, Oversikt av Allmcinna Religionshistorien .
Soderblom, Tide's Kompendium der Religionsgeschichte
Toy, Introduction to the History of Religions
Turchi, Manuale di storia delle religioni .
Warren, The Religions of the World and the World-Religion
Supplementary Volumes .....



170
173
175
178
181
183
184
186
187
188
191
193
194
195
198
200
204



(2) Special Groups,

Bliss, The Religions of Modern Syria and Palestine . . 205
Cumont, Les Religions orientales dans le paganisme

roinain ........ 207

De Groot, Religion in China . . . . .211

Hyde, The Five Great Philosophies of Life . . .213



viii CONTENTS

(2) Special Groups, continued. page

'Martin, Great Religious Teachers of the East . . .215
Rdiiidsill and Smith, The Unity of Religions . . .217
BoothiM, The Three Religions of China . . . .218

JJndeTwood, The Religions of Eastern Asia . . .221

Supplementary Volumes .' . . . . 223

(3) Individual Religions,

Arnold, Roman Stoicism . . . . , . 225
Breasted, Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient

Egypt 228

Dhorme, La Religion assyro-habylonienne . . . 233

Farnell, The Higher Aspects of Greek Religion . . . 235

Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People . 237

Friedlander, Darstellun^en aus der Sittengeschichte Roms . 241
Goldziher, Vorlesungen iiber den Islam , , . .241

Hackmann, Buddhism as a Religion ... . 243

Kaiada,, The Faith of Japan . . . . . 244

Harrison, TAem^'s. The Social Origins of Greek Religion . 247

Hartmann, Der Islam. Geschichte, Glauhe, Recht . . 250

Howells, The Soul of India ...... 251

Jastrow, Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Baby-
lonia and Assyria . ... . . . 254

de Lorenzo, India e Buddhismo antico .... 258

Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion ..... 260

MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts . . . 267

MacdonaXd, Aspects of Islam . ... . . 270

Margoliouth, Mohammedanism . . . . . 273

Margoliouth, The Early Development of Mohammedanism 274

Moulton, Early Zoroastrianism ..... 275

Murray, Four Stages of Greek Religion . . . . 278

Nukariya, The Religion of the Samurai .... 282

Richard, The New Testament of Higher Buddhism . . 284

Roemer, Die Bahi-BehaH ...... 2^

SajcQ, The Religion of Ancient Egypt .... 293

Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Romer . . . 294

Supplementary Volumes ..... 295

(4) Detached Problems.

Caetani, Studi di storia orientate ..... 302

Deussen, Die Philosophie der Bibel . . . . 304

Hackmann, Religionen und heilige Schriften . . . 306



CONTENTS ix

(4) Detached Problems, continued. page

Hubert et Mauss, Melanges d'histoire des religions . . 308

Loisy, A propos d'histoire des religions . . . 309

Lyon and Moore, Studies in the History of Religions . . 310
Soderblom, Natiirliche Theologie und Allgemeine Religions-

geschichte . . . . ... . . 310

Usener, Kleine Schriften ..... 314

Wiinsch und Deubner, Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und

Vorarbeiten . . . . . . .316

Supplementary Volumes . . . . .317

Reteospect . . . ... . . . 320

PART II
THE TRANSITION

I. THE EVOLUTION OF A SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

Anonymous, The Laws which govern the Course and Destinies

of Religion ........ 336

Brandt, Elchasai. Ein Religionsstifter und sein Werk . 338

Clemen, Die religionsgeschichtliche Methode in Theologie . 341

Foucart, Histoire des religions et Methode comparative . 342

V. Gennep, Tabou, Totemisme et Methode comparative . 344
Goblet d'Alviella, De V assistance que se doivent mutuellement
duns V Hierologie la Methode historique et la Methode

comparative ....... 346

Labanca, Prolegomeni alia storia comparativa delle religioni 348

Oltramare, La Faillite de la Methode comparative . . 350

Pettazzoni, La Scienza delle religioni e il suo Metodo . 353

Pinard, Quelques precisions sur la Methode comparative . 356

Schmidt, Voies nouvelles en science comparee des religions . 360
Toutain, Etudes de mythologie et d'histoire des religions

antiques . . . . . . . .361

Vsf ehhy Natural and Comparative Religion . . . 363
Wobbermin, Die religionspsychologische Methode in Reli-

gionswissenschaft und Theologie .... 366

Supplementary Volumes . ' . . . . 368

II. APOLOGETIC TREATISES.

Beth, Die EntwicUung des Christentums zur Universal-
Religion . . . . . . . .373

Jevons, Comparative Religion . . . . .376



X CONTENTS

II. APOLOGETIC TREATISES, continued. page

Johnston, Some Alternatives to Jesus Christ . . . 380
V. Malapert-Neufville, Die ausserchristlichen Religionen

iind die Religion Jesu Christi ..... 382

Martindale, The Cults and Christianity .... 383
Moulton, Religions and Religion . . . . .386

Tisdall, Christianity and Other Faiths .... 394

Valensin, Jesus-Christ et Vetude comparee des religions . 398

Supplementary Volumes . . . . . 399

III. TRANSLATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE POR-

TIONS OF SACRED TEXTS.

Bertholet, Religionsgeschichtliches Lesebuch . . . 402

Lehmann, Textbuch zur Religionsgeschichte , . . 403

Soderblom, Frdmmande Religionsurhunder . . . 404

Various Authors, Quellen der Religions-Geschichte . . 405

* * *

Besant, The Universal Textbook of Religions and Morals . 408
Wieger, Bouddhisme chinois, Le Canon taoiste, etc. . . 410

IV. TRANSACTIONS OF CONGRESSES AND

LEARNED SOCIETIES, ENCYCLOPEDIAS,
ETC.

(1) Congresses.

Athens. Actes du Seizieme Congres International des

Orientalistes, 1912 414

Berlin. Fifth International Congress of Free Chris-

tianity and Religious Progress, 1910 . 415

Berlin. Verhandlungen des Soziologentages, 1910 . 417

Geneva. Compte Rendu du XI V^ Congres International
d'Anthropologie et d'Archeologie Prehisto-
riques, 1912 417

Leiden. Actes du IV^ Congres International d'Histoire

des Religions, 1912 . . . .418

London. Inter-Racial Problems. Papers Communicated

to the First Universal Races Congress, 1911 420

London. Fourth International Congress of Historical

Studies, 1913 421

Louvain. Semaine d' Ethnohgie Religieuse, 1912 . . 422

Neuchatel. Actes du Z*** Congres International d'Ethnologie

et d' Ethnographic, 1914 . . . .424



CONTENTS xi

(1) Congresses, continued. page
Rome. Atti del IIT Congresso Archeologico Intema-

zionale, 1912 425

Siena. II Vir Congresso della Societd Italiana per

il Progresso delle Scienze, 1913 . . -426

(2) Learned Societies.

Berlin. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Islamkunde . 428

Geneva. Ulnstitut Suisse d' Anthropologie Generate . 428

Gottingen. Die Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 429

London. The Japan Society ..... 429

London. The Royal Asiatic Society .... 431

Paris. La Societe d' Anthropologic . . . •. 431

Stockholm. Religionsvetenskalpiga Scillskapet. . . 431

(3) Encyclopcedias.

Chisholm, The Encyclopcedia Britannica . . . 433

Hastings, Encyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics . . 434
Hauck, RealencyJclopddie fiir Protestantische Theologie und

Kirche ........ 436

Herbermann, The Catholic Encyclopedia . . . 437

Houtsma, The Encyclopcedia of Islam .... 438

Jackson, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious

Knowledge ........ 440

Schiele und Zschamack, Die Religion in Geschichte und

Gegenwart ........ 441

Singer, The Jewish Encyclopedia ..... 442

Wissowa und Kroll, Pauly's Real-Encyclopddie der Classi-

schen Altertumswissenschaft ..... 444

(4) Special Works.

Cranmer-Byng and Kapadia, The Wisdom of the East . 446
Curtis, A History of Creeds and Confessions of Faith, in

Christendom and Beyond ..... 447

Durkheim, UAnnee sociologique ..... 449

Goblet d' Alviella, Croyances, rites, institutions . . . 450

Gwatkin and Whitney, The Cambridge Medieval History . 452

Kriiger und Schian, Theologischer J ahresbericht . . 454
Liiders und Wackernagel, Grundriss der indo-arischen

Philologie und Altertumshunde .... 455

Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects , 456
Mercer, Extra- Biblical Sources for Hebrew and Jeunsh

History 458



xii CONTENTS

(4) Special Works, continued. page
Roscher, Ausfuhrliches Lezikon der griechischen und

romischen Myihologie ...... 459

Salvatorelli, Introduzione bibliografica alia scienza delle

religioni ........ 460

Schiele, Religionsgeschichtliche Volksbiicher . . . 462
Steinmetz, Essai d'une bibliographie systematique de

Vethnologie . . . . . . . ^ . 463

Waxweiler, Archives sociologiques ..... 464

Weinel, Lebensfragen 465

Winternitz, General Index to ' The Sacred Books of the East ' 466

V. PERIODICAL LITERATURE.

American Journal of Religious Psychology . . . 469

American Journal of Sociology ..... 470

Ancient Egypt 470

Annals of Archceology and Anthropology . . . 471

Anthropos ........ 472

Archivfilr Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete . 472

Archivfilr Religionswissenschaft ..... 473

Archives Suisses d' Anthropologie Generate . . . 473

Archivio per V Antropologia e VEtnologia .... 473

Asiatic Review . . . . . . . . 474

Athenceum ........ 474

Biblical World 475

Bilychnis. Rivista di Studi Religiosi .... 475

Bollettino di Letteratura Critico-Religiosa . . . 476

Coenobium. Rivista Infernazionale di Liberi Studi . . 476

Cultura Contemporanea . . . . . . 476

Cultura Moderna . . . . . . . 477

Expository Times ....... 477

Harvard Theological Review ...... 478

Hibbert Journal ........ 478

Inquirer ......... 479

International Review of Missions ..... 479

Interpreter . . . ... . . 480

Islam 480

Journal of the American Oriental Society . . . 481

Journal of Egyptian Archceology ..... 482

Journal of the Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society . 482

Journal of Theological Studies ..... 483

Lares. Bullettino delta Societd di Etnografia Italiana . 484

Moslem World 485



I



CONTENTS xiii

V. PERIODICAL LITERATURE, continued, page

Open Court 485

Quarterly Review ....... 486

Quest 486

Recherches de Scietice Religieuse ..... 487

Review of Theology and Philosophy . . . . 487

Rivista degli Studi Orientali . . . . . . 487

Revue d' Ethnographie et de Sociologie .... 488

Revue de VHistoire des Religions ..... 488

Revue du Monde Musulman ...... 488

Revue Suisse d' Ethnographie et d^ Art Compare . . . 489

Sociological Review ....... 490

Theologische Literaturzeitung ..... 490

Times Literary Supplement ... . . 491

Welt des Islams 492

VI. CENTRES OF SUBSIDIARY STUDY.

(1) Schools of Religions.

Cambridge, Mass. The Divinity School of Harvard

University .... 496

Hartford, Conn. The Kennedy School of Missions . 497

New Haven, Conn. The Divinity School of Yale

University .... 498

New York City. Union Theological Seminary . . 500

(2) Museums.

Leiden. Museum van Oudheden . . 503

Neuchatel. Mus6e Ethnographique . . 503

Retrospect ......... 504



. PART III
COMPARATIVE RELIGION

I. ITS RESTRICTED AREA 509

II. ITS LEGITIMATE SCOPE 514



ANALYTICAL INDEX.

Authors. Subjects. Bibliographies . . . 523



PREFACE

A LITERARY projcct, Outlined tentatively in 1905, is
now to be carried into effect. The obstacles which for
a time effectively barred its progress have at last happily
been surmounted.

Fifteen years have passed since the author resolved
to make an honest attempt to provide a competent
exposition of Comparative Religion. The study of
this subject — its rise, its sources, its various transi-
tions, its unutilized capabilities, its hazards, and its
probable issues — had already engaged his attention for
a somewhat lengthy period. During all that time he
prosecuted divers inquiries with diligence and eager-
ness, for he had yielded to the lure of a quest which
had thrown its fascination over him ; but, unfor-
tunately, he had to content himself with devoting to
these studies only the scanty leisure which he was able
to command. The increasingly-insistent needs of the
situation, however, seemed to summon him to concen-
trate his energies upon investigations which promised
to yield important results within the not very distant
future. Besides, a great deal of the preliminary minutiae
of research in this field had already been mastered.
Accordingly, after due consideration, the fateful step
was taken. Existing professional ties were severed.
An earlier roving commission as a ' student at large '
being resumed, the responsibilities of a long and exacting
task were deliberately accepted. During the interven-
ing years, the opportunity of occupying a theological



xvi PEEFACE

chair has more than once presented itself. Had these
proposals come earlier, or had they seemed likely to
promote the one aim which the author had in view,
they would no doubt have proved a serious tempta-
tion. But none of them portended the establishment
of a chair for Comparative Religion. All of them
threatened to introduce unwelcome restraints, and
possibly ' dogmatic ' restrictions. All of them were
certain to lessen the author's chances of carrying his
studies forward to some satisfying and comprehensive
conclusion. Hence these seducements were unheeded
and the work of investigation went on, though not
without many inevitable interruptions. And now, at
the close of the period of preparation, — devoted very
largely to travel, observation, and research among the
peoples and sacred cities of the East and of the West —
it seems desirable that the results actually secured
should be reviewed, and that the progress achieved thus
far should be reported and recorded.

In 1900, students of Comparative Religion were still
very limited in number. The general public evinced no
interest in the investigations which were being con-
ducted ; on the contrary, in so far as such inquiries
had been initiated, they were not only regarded with
indifference, but (in many quarters) they were viewed
with unmistakable and outspoken distrust. Moreover,
scholars of experience counselled a further postponement
of any attempt to make a material advance. With
practical unanimity they declared that the author's
proposed undertaking, being almost certainly premature,
was doomed to mishap and failure. It was urged that
the boundaries of Comparative Religion were for the
present too obscure, and also too indeterminate, to



PREFACE xvii

permit of any experiment surmounting the handicap
of the unfavourable conditions which prevailed.

These advisers, no doubt, were right ; they interpreted,
quite accurately, the signs of the times ; nevertheless,
a good deal has been accomplished in the interval. The
author recognized, when he entered upon his task,
that the results at which he would arrive must be
general and merely provisional in character. On the
other hand, a definite and feasible scheme of exposi-
tion had already begun to take shape in his mind.
Moreover, the fact that there existed much con-
fusion of thought touching the legitimate range of this
study constituted for him an appeal which became
increasingly alluring and clamant. He modestly
hoped, also, that he might be able to hasten the
day when some real achievement in this field would be
welcomed and acknowledged among progressive scholars
everywhere.

At the end of five years, with many natural misgivings,
an initial volume was completed and sent to the press.^
It sought to do no more than present a rapid survey
of a field which was afterwards to be more critically
examined. It was proposed, at that time, to follow up
this preliminary conspectus with two volumes of a less
summary and transient character ; but the original
programme has since been recast, and will now be framed
in an entirely different manner. In the following year,
a quadrennial review of the current literature of this
study was founded. ^ Subsequently, a series of mono-
graphs throwing light upon the progress and prospects
of Comparative Religion in the chief Universities of the

^ Cj. Comparative Religion : Its Genesis and Growth. Edinburgh, 1905.
^ Cf. Comparative Religion : A Survey/ of its Recent Literature. . Edinburgh,
1906, 1910, and 1914.

b



XX PKEFACE

dependent for material upon the data which have been
garnered, and which are still being garnered, by a num-
ber of other sciences ; and the obligations incurred in
these quarters are unquestionably greater to-day than
they have ever been before. It is important therefore
that attention should be drawn to this fact, seeing that
it is one which is entitled to a recognition and acknow-
ledgement which have not sufficiently been accorded
to it. Conversely, it is equally important that those
sciences which surround and underlie Comparative
Religion, and which contribute immensely to its stability,
should everywhere be admitted to be supports merely,
wholly distinct and easily distinguishable from the
structure they help to sustain.

Of the auxiliary studies in question, fully a score
deserve some credit for the conspicuous advances which
Comparative Religion has been making of late. It will
suffice, however, if the lite'rary products of merely a few
of these departments of research be specified and ex-
amined in the following survey. The sciences succes-
sively named are undoubtedly the chief sources upon
which Comparative Religion has drawn, and from which
it is still deriving an ever-increasing impulse. The
present selection of tributary studies — outlined in one
of the author's earlier publications, where the reader
may find a brief discussion of each of these branches of
inquiry, and a summary estimate of its individual
ancillary value ^ — has recently been concurred in,
and reaffirmed, by various scholars of international
standing.^

^ Cf. Comparative Religion : Its Genesis and Growth, pp. 253-325.
Edinburgh, 1905.

* Cf. Goblet d'Alviella, Les Sciences auxiliaires de Vhistoire comparee des
religions, found in the Transactions of the Third International Congress for
the History of Religions, vol. ii, pp. 365 f. Oxford, 1908 ; Jean Reville»



PREFACE xxi

In the following pages, the reader will find a Classified
Bibliography of the best recent books expository of
those departments of literature with which that Biblio-
graphy deals. It has not always been easy to determine
with certainty the category to which a given treatise
ought to be assigned.^ In some cases, the book has
manifestly belonged partly to Anthropology, partly to
Philology, and partly to yet some other science included
among those which are here specifically enumerated.
Care has been taken to make the necessary allotments
impartially, and with due discrimination. Supple-
mentary lists of books — alphabetically arranged accord-
ing to the names of their authors — have in each instance
been added, lest less representative (yet still important)
volumes might seem to have been neglected. It is hoped
that no recent work of conspicuous merit has inad-
vertently been omitted. No modern school of opinion,
local or Continental, has been slighted. As in the
author's periodical Surveys of the literature of Compara-
tive Religion, 2 references in this book to British publica-
tions will be found to be augmented by reviews of
American, Australian, Austrian, Belgian, Canadian,
Danish, Dutch, French, German, Indian, Italian,
Japanese, Swedish, Swiss, and other foreign volumes.
The comments offered, as in the Surveys just referred to,
seek always to be fair. Drastic criticism is not withheld
when it seems to be called for. Only four of the critiques
which follow, out of the very large number which

Les Phases successives de Vhistoire des religions, pp. 143-240. Paris, 1909 ;
Joseph Bricout, Ok en est Vhistoire des religions, vol. i, pp. 24 f. Paris,
1911 ; William F. Warren, The Religions of the World and the World- Religion,
p. 15. New York, 1911 ; etc. etc.

1 Vide infra, pp. 35, 43, 77, 100, 104, 107, 147, 149, 170, 178, 192-3, 196,
201, 219, 221, 338, 361-2, 363, 380, and 488.

* Vide supra, foot-note 2, p. xvii.



xxii PEEFACE

the author had occasion to pen during the past four
years, have previously been pubHshed. Written ori-