T. F. (Thomas Frederick) Tout.
The history of England from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III (1216-1377) online
. (page 1 of 52)
Online Library → T. F. (Thomas Frederick) Tout → The history of England from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III (1216-1377) → online text (page 1 of 52)
Font size
GIFT OF
MICHAEL REESE
THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
Seventy-five years have passed since Lingard completed
his History of England, ivhich ends with the Revolu-
tion of 1688. During that period historical study has
made a great advance. Year after year the mass of
materials for a new History of England has increased;
new lights have been thrown on events and characters^
and old errors have been corrected. Many notable
works have been written on various periods of our
history ; some of them at such length as to appeal
almost exclusively to professed historical students. It
is believed that the time has come when the advance
zvhich has been made in the knowledge of English
history as a whole should be laid befo7^e the public in
a single work of fairly adequate size. Such a book
should be founded on independent thought and research^
but should at the same time be written with a full
knowledge of the works of the best tnodern historians
and with a desire to take advantage of their teaching
wherever it appears sound.
The vast number of authorities, printed and in
manuscript^ on which a History of England should be
based, if it is to represent the existing state of knozv-
ledge, renders co-operaaon almost necessary and certainly
advisable. The History, of which this vohrme is an in-
stalment, is an otteTnpt to set forth in a readable form
the results at present attained by research. It will con-
sist of twelve volumes by twelve different writers, each
ii POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
of them chosen as being specially capable of dealing with
the period which he tindertakes, and the editors, while
leaving to each author as free a hand as possible, hope
to insure a general similarity in method of treatment, so
that the tivelve volumes 7nay in their contents, as well as
in their outward appearance, form one History.
As its title imports, this History will primarily
deal with politics, with the History of England and,
after the date of the union with Scotland., Great Britain,
as a state or body politic ; but as the life of a nation is
complex, and its condition at any given time cannot be
understood without taking into account the various forces
acting upon it, notices of religious matters and of in-
tellectual, social, and economic progress will also find
place in these volumes. The footnotes will, so far as
is possible, be confined to references to authorities^ a^td
references will not be appended to statements which
appear to be matters of common kjioivledge and do
not call for support. Each volume will have an Ap-
pendix giving some account of the chief authorities,
original and secondary^ which the author has used.
This account will be compiled with a view of helping
students rather than of making long lists of books with-
out any notes as to their contents or value. That the
History will have faults both of its own and such as
will always in some measure attend co-operative work,
must be expected, but no pains have been spared to Tnake
it, so far as may be, not wholly unworthy of the great-
ness of its subject.
Each volume, while forming pd.. ^ .y ^ co^nplete
History, will also in itself be a separate and complete
book, will be sold separately, and will have its own
index, and two or m.ore fuaps.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. iii
Vol. I. to 1066. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., Litt.D., Fellow
of University College, London; Fellow of the British
Academy.
Vol. II. 1066 to 1 216. By George Burton Adams, M.A.,
Professor of History in Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut.
Vol. III. 1 216 to 1377. By T. F. Tout, M.A., Professor of
Medieval and Modern History in the Victoria University
of Manchester ; formerly Fellow of Pembroke College,
Oxford.
Vol. IV. 1377 to 1485. By C. Oman, M.A., Fellow of All
Souls' College, and Deputy Professor of Modern History
in the University of Oxford.
Vol. V. 1485 to 1547. By H. A. L. Fisher, M.A, Fellow
and Tutor of New College, Oxford.
Vol. VI. 1547 to 1603. By A. F. Pollard, M.A., Professor of
Constitutional History in University College, London.
Vol. VII. 1603 to 1660. By F. C. Montague, M.A., Professor
of History in University College, London ; formerly Fellow
of Oriel College, Oxford.
Vol. VIII. 1660 to 1702. By Richard Lodge, M.A., Professor
of History in the University of Edinburgh ; formerly
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.
Vol. IX. 1702 to 1760. By I. S. Leadam, M.A., formerly
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.
Vol. X. 1760 to 1 801. By the Rev. William Hunt, M.A.,
D.Litt, Trinity College, Oxford.
Vol. XI. 1 801 to 1837. By the Hon. George C. Brodrick,
D.C.L., late Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and
J. K. Fotheringham, M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford,
Lecturer in Classics at King's College, London.
Vol. XII. 1837 to 1901. By Sidney J. Low, M.A., Balliol
College, Oxford, formerly Lecturer on History at King's
College, London.
Zhc political Ibietor? of finglanb
IN TWELVE VOLUMES
Edited by WILLIAM HUNT, D.Litt., and
REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A.
III.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE
DEATH OF EDWARD III.
1216-1377
THE
HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY HI,
TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD HI.
(1216-1377)
BY
T. F. TOUT, M.A.
PROFESSOR OF MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1905
(J
*tr?l^,
-S^
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
The Regency of William Marshal.
19 Oct., 1216.
28 Oct.
11 Nov.
12 Nov.
1216-17.
1217.
22 April.
20 May.
23 Aug.
II Sept.
6 Nov.
14 May, 1219.
Death of King John .
Position of parties
The Church on the king's side
Coronation of Henry HI. .
Great council at Bristol
The first charter of Henry HI.
Progress of the war .
Rising of Wilkin of the Weald
Louis' visit to France
Return of Louis from France
Sieges of Dover, Farnham, and
The fair of Lincoln
The sea-fight off Sandwich
Treaty of Lambeth
Reissue of the great charter
Restoration of order by William
Death of William Marshal .
His character and career .
Mount Sorrel
Marshal .
PAGE
I
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
15
1219.
July,
1221.
Jan. -Feb.,
1221.
July,
1222.
1221-24.
12]
[9-23.
April,
1223.
June,
1224.
20 June-14
Aug.
CHAPTER n.
The Rule of Hubert de Burgh.
Pandulf the real successor of William Marshal
Langton procures Pandulf's recall
Ascendency of Hubert de Burgh
The rebellion of Albemarle
The sedition of Constantine FitzAthulf
Marriage alliances
War in Wales ......
Henry HL declared by the pope competent to govern
Revolt of Falkes de Breaute
Siege of Bedford
Fall of Falkes
Papal and royal taxation ....
17
19
20
20
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
27
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
April,
1227
1224
1225
Nov.,
1226
1229-30
21-30 July, 1230
1228
2 May,
1230
I23I
Aug.
2C
1232
) July
1231
1232
End of the minority ......
Relations with France during the minority
The Lusignans and the Poitevin barons
Louis VIII. 's conquest of Poitou
Expedition of Richard of Cornwall and William
Longsword to Gascony ....
Accession of Louis IX. in France
Henry III.'s campaign in Brittany and Poitou .
Siege of Mirambeau ......
The Kerry campaign ......
Death of William of Braose ....
Henry III.'s second Welsh campaign
Death of Archbishop Richard le Grand
Gregory IX. and Henry III. ....
Riots of Robert Twenge .....
Fall of Hubert de Burgh
Death of William Marshal the Younger
Death of Randolph of Blundeville, Earl of Chester
PAGE
29
29
30
31
32
34
34
36
37
3«
38
39
39
39
40
41
41
CHAPTER III.
The Alien Invasion.
1232-34.
Aug., 1233.
25 Nov.
1234.
1 April.
2 April.
9 April.
14 Jan.,
1236.
1239
1237
1239
1235
16 Nov.
1240
May-Sept.
, 1242
1243
Rule of Peter des Roches
Revolt of Richard Marshal ....
Fight near Monmouth .....
Richard Marshal in Ireland ....
Defeat and death of the Earl Marshal near Kildare
Edmund Rich consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
Fall of Peter des Roches
Beginning of Henry III.'s personal government
Character of Henry III.
The alien invasions ....
Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Provence
The Savoyards in England
Revival of Poitevin influence
Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester .
The legation of Cardinal Otto .
Quarrel of Gregory IX. and Frederick II.
Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln
Death of Edmund Rich in exile .
Henry III. and Frederick II.
Attempted reconquest of Poitou
The campaign of Taillebourg
Truce with France ....
The Lusignans in England
The baronial opposition
Grosseteste's opposition to Henry III. and Innocent
IV
43
45
47
48
49
50
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
66
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME. xi
1243. Relations with Scotland and Wales .... 67
1240. Death of Llewelyn ap lorwerth 67
1246. Death of David ap Llewelyn 68
CHAPTER IV.
Political Retrogression and National Progress.
1248-58, Characteristics of the history of these ten years
Decay of Henry's power in Gascony .
1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony
Aug., 1253. Henry IH. in Gascony ....
1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son 73
Edward's position in Gascony ....
Edward's position in Cheshire ....
1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales
Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales
1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward .
Revival of the baronial opposition . ...
1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily
1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the
Romans .......
Leicester as leader of the opposition .
Progress in the age of Henry HL
The cosmopolitan and the national ideals .
French influence
The coming of the friars
1221. Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in
England .......
1224. Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans
in England .......
Other mendicant orders in England .
The influence of the firiars
The universities ......
Prominent English schoolmen ....
Paris and Oxford
The mendicants at Oxford
Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus ....
Academic influence in public life
Beginnings of colleges
Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century
Literature in Latin and French ....
Literature in English
Art
Gothic architecture ......
The towns and trade
69
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
76
77
78
80
8i_
81
82
83
84
84
84
85
86
SS
89
go
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
9f>
96
97
Xll
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER V.
The Barons' War.
PAGE
2 April, 1258.
Parliament at London ....
. . 98
II June.
The Mad Parliament .
. 99
The Provisions of Oxford .
. 100
22 June.
Flight of the Lusignans
. 102
Appointment of the Fifteen
. 103
Working of the new Constitution
. 104
4 Dec, 1259.
Treaty of Paris ....
. 104
Its unpopularity in England and France .
. 106
1259.
Dissensions among the baronial leaders .
. 107
1259-
Provisions of Westminster
. 108
1261.
Henry HI.'s repudiation of the Provisions
. 109
1263.
Reconstitution of parties
. no
The changed policy of the marchers
. Ill
Outbreak of civil vi2S
. 112
The appeal to Louis IX.
. 112
23 Jan., 1264.
Mise of Amiens .....
. 113
Renewal of the struggle
. 113
4 April.
Sack of Northampton
. 114
The campaign in Kent and Sussex
• 115
14 May.
Battle of Lewes
. 116
Personal triumph of Montfort
. 118
CHAPTER VI.
The Rule
OF Montfort and the Royalist Restoratk
3N.
15 May.
Mise of Lewes
. 119
15 Dec.
Provisions of Worcester ....
. 121
Jan.-Mar., 1265.
The Parliament of 1265
. 121
Split up of the baronial party . . . .
. 123
Quarrel of Leicester and Gloucester .
. 123
28 May.
Edward's escape
. 124
22 June.
Treaty of Pipton
. 125
Small results of the alliance of Llewelyn an
i the
barons
• 125
The campaign in the Severn valley .
. 126
4 Aug.
Battle of Evesham
. 127
The royalist restoration
. 128
1266.
The revolt of the Disinherited . . . .
. 129
15 May.
Battle of Chesterfield
. 130
31 Oct.
The Dictum de Kenilworth . . . .
. 131
Michaelmas.
The Ely rebellion
• 131
April, 1267.
Gloucester's support of the Disinherited . ,
. 132
July.
End of the rebellion
. 132
25 Sept.
Treaty of Shrewsbury
. 133
1267.
Statute of Marlborough
. 134
1270-72.
Edward's Crusade
. 134
16 Nov., 1272.
Death of Henry III
.
. 135
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME.
Xlll
CHAPTER VII.
The Early Foreign Policy and Legislation of Edward I.
Character of Edward I
1272-74. Rule of the regency .....
Edward's doings in Italy and France .
Edward's relations with Philip III. .
1273-74. Wars of B^arn and Limoges
Edward I. and Gregory X, ...
Council of Lyons .....
Relations of Edward I. and Rudolf of Hapsburg
Treaty of Amiens .....
League of Macon .....
Sicilian vespers ......
Deaths of Philip III., Charles of Anjou, Peter of
Aragon, and Martin IV. .
Bishop Burnell ......
Statute of Westminster, the first
Statute of Gloucester ....
Hundred Rolls and placita de quo warranto
Archbishops Kilwardby and Peckham
1279. Statute of Mortmain
1285. Circumspecte agatis .....
1285. Statute of Westminster, the second [De Donis)
1285. Statute of Winchester ....
May-July, 1274.
23 May, 1279.
1281.
1282.
1285.
1275.
1278.
PAGE
136
139
140
141
142
142
143
146
146
146
147
147
148
149
152
154
1277.
1277.
1282.
1282,
II Dec.
1283.
3 Oct.
Mid-Lent, 1284.
1287.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Conquest of North Wales,
Execution of the Treaty of Shrewsbury
Llewelyn's refusal of homage ....
Edward's first Welsh campaign
Treaty of Aberconway .....
Edward's attempts to introduce English law into the
ceded districts ......
The Welsh revolt ......
Edward's second Welsh campaign
Llewelyn's escape to the Upper Wye
Battle of Orewyn Bridge
Parliaments and financial expedients
Subjection of Gwynedd completed
Parliament of Shrewsbury and execution of David
The Edwardian castles
Statute of Wales
Effect of the conquest upon the march
Peckham and the ecclesiastical settlement of Wales
Revolt of Rhys ap Meredith ....
15s
156
157
159
160
161
162
163
164
164
165
165
165
166
167
167
168
XIV
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER IX.
The Sicilian and the Scottish Arbitrations.
April, 1286-Aug.,
1289.
1287.
1288,
1291.
1289.
1290.
1291.
1290.
1272-86.
1286.
1286-89.
1289.
1290.'
May, 1291.
1291-92.
17 Nov., 1292.
1290.
Edward I. at the height of his fame
Edward's long visit to France .
The Sicilian arbitration
Treaty of Oloron
Treaty of Canfranc
Treaty of Tarascon .
Maladministration during Edward's absence
Judicial and official scandals
Special commission for the trial of offenders
Statute of Westminster, the third {Quia emptores
The feud between Gloucester and Hereford
The courts at Ystradvellte and Abergavenny
Humiliation of the marcher earls
Expulsion of the Jews ....
The rise of the Italian bankers .
Early relations of Edward to Scotland
Death of Alexander III. of Scotland .
Regency in the name of the Maid of Norway
Treaty of Salisbury .....
Treaty of Brigham
Death of the Maid of Norway .
The claimants to the Scottish throne
Parliament of Norham. Edward recognised as over
lord of Scotland ....
The great suit for Scotland
John Balliol declared King of Scots .
Edward's conduct in relation to Scotland
Death of Eleanor of Castile
Transition to the later years of the reign
Edward's later ministers
PAGE
169
170
170
171
171
171
172
172
172
173
174
174
174
175
176
177
177
177
178
178
179
179
iSi
181
183
183
184
184
185
CHAPTER X.
The French and Scottish Wars and the Confirmation of
THE Charters.
15 May, 1293.
1294.
June, 1294.
1294.
22 Jan., 1295.
July.
Commercial rivalry of English and French seamen . 186
Battle off Saint-Mahe 186
Edmund of Lancaster's failure to procure a settlement
with Philip IV 187
The French occupation of Gascony .... 187
War with France 188
Preparations for a French campaign .... 188
Revolts of Madog, Maelgwn, and Morgan . . 189
Edward's danger at Aberconway .... 189
Battle of Maes Madog 190
Welsh revolts suppressed . . . . . . 190
/
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME.
XV
1295.
5 July.
Nov.
1296.
27 April.
10 July.
Sept., 1294.
29 Feb., 1296.
24 Feb., 1297.
July.
24 Aug.
May.
II Sept.
12 Oct.
Failure of the Gascon campaign
Failure of attempted coalition against France
Organisation of the English navy
Treason of Sir Thomas Turberville .
The naval attack on England
Rupture between Edward and the Scots
Alliance between the French and Scots
The " Model Parliament " .
Gascon expedition and death of Edmund of Lancaster
Edward's invasion of Scotland .
Battle of Dunbar .....
Submission of John Balliol
Conquest and administration of Scotland .
The Ragman Roll .....
Consecration of Archbishop Winchelsea .
Boniface VIII. issues Clericis laicos .
Conflict of Edward and Winchelsea .
Parliament at Salisbury ....
Conflict of Edward with the earls
Break up of the clerical opposition
Increasing moderation of baronial opposition
Edward's departure for Flanders
Revolt of the Scots under William Wallace
Battle of Stirling Bridge ....
Confirmation of the charters with new clauses
PAGE
191
191
192
192
192
193
194
195
196
196
197
197
198
198
199
200
200
202
202
203
204
205
205
207
208
1297.
31
Jan.,
1298.
July.
22
July.
19
June,
1299.
9
Sept.
Mar.,
1300.
July-Aug.
20 Jan
.-14
Feb.,
1301.
1302.
20
May,
1303-
1303-
CHAPTER XI.
The Scottish Failure.
Edward's unsuccessful campaign in Flanders . . 210
Truce of Tournai, and end of the French war . . 211
Edward's invasion of Scotland 212
Battle of Falkirk 213
Slowness of Edward's progress towards the conquest
of Scotland 215
Treaty of Montreuil 216
Marriage of Edward and Margaret of France . . 217
Articidi super cartas ....... 217
Carlaverock campaign ...... 218
Parliament of Lincoln ...... 218
The barons' letter to the pope 219
Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales . . . 220
Philip IV. 's troubles with the Flemings and Boniface
VIII 221
Peace of Paris between Edward and Philip . . 222
Increasing strength of Edward's position . . . 222
The decay of the earldoms ..... 223
Additions to the royal demesne ..... 224
Conquest of Scotland seriously undertaken . . 225
XVI
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
24 July, 1304.
Aug., 1305-
1305-
10 Jan.
1307.
1305-
1306.
25 Mar.
7 July, 1307.
Capture of Stirling
Execution of Wallace and completion of the conquest
The settlement of the government of Scotland
Disgrace of Winchelsea and Bek
Edward I. and Clement V.
Statute of Carlisle
Ordinance of Trailbaston .
Murder of Comyn
Rising of Robert Bruce
Bruce crowned King of Scots
Preparations for a fresh conquest of Scotland
Death of Edward I
225
226
227
228
230
230
231
232
233
233
234
235
25
Jan.,
2f
1307.
1308.
, Feb.
18
July,
May.
1309.
1310.
16 Mar.
Sept.
Nov
,
1311.
1311.
Jan.,
13
12.
19
June,
1312.
Oct.,
1313.
May.
1312.
CHAPTER XII.
Gaveston, the Ordainers, and Bannockburn.
Character of Edward II
Peter Gaveston Earl of Cornwall
Marriage of Edward with Isabella of France
Coronation of Edward II. .
Power and unpopularity of Gaveston
Gaveston exiled .......
Return of Gaveston condoned by Parliament at Stam
ford
Renewal of the opposition of the barons to Gaveston
Appointment of the lords ordainers .
Abortive campaign against the Scots .
Character and policy of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
The ordinances .......
Gaveston's second exile and return
The earls at war against Edward and Gaveston
Gaveston's surrender at Scarborough
Murder of Gaveston
Consequent break up of the baronial party
Edward and Lancaster reconciled
Death of Archbishop Winchelsea
Fall of the Templars ......
Walter Reynolds Archbishop of Canterbury
Complaints of papal abuses ....
Progress of Bruce's power in Scotland
The siege of Stirling ......
An army collected for its relief ....
Battle of Bannockburn .....
The results of the battle .....
1314-
24 June.
236
238
239
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
245
247
249
250
250
251
252
253
254
254
256
256
257
258
259
260
262
CHAPTER XIII.
Lancaster, Pembroke, and the Despensers.
Failure of the rule of Thomas of Lancaster
1315. Revolts of Llewelyn Bren ....
264
267
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME, xvii
13
14-18.
1319.
1317.
1320.
June,
1321.
July.
23-3]
[ Oct.,
1321.
Jan.
-Feb.,
1322.
II
Feb.
16 Mar.
22
Mar.
2
May.
1315. Rising of Adam Banaster .....
1316. The Bristol disturbances .....
1315. Edward Bruce's attack on the English in Ireland
13 7. Roger Mortimer in Ireland . ....
1318. Death of Edward Bruce at Dundalk .
Lancaster's failure and the break up of his party
Pembroke and the middle party
9 Aug. Treaty of Leek and the supremacy of the middle
party ....
Progress of Robert Bruce .
Renewed attack on Scotland
Battle of Myton
Rise of the Despensers
The partition of the Gloucester inheritance
War between the husbands of the Gloucester heiresses
in South Wales ......
Conferences at Pontefract and Sherburn .
The exile of the Despensers ....
Break up of the opposition after their victory
The siege of Leeds Castle .....
Edward's successful campaign in the march
Recall of the Despensers .....
The king's march against the northern barons .
Battle of Boroughbridge .....
Execution of Lancaster .....
Parliament at York and repeal of the ordinances
The triumph of the Despensers ....
PAGE
267
268
268
271
272
272
273
274
275
275
276
277
279
280
281
281
282
282
284
284
284
285
286
287
288
CHAPTER XIV.
The Fall of Edward II. and the Rule of Isabella and Mortimer.
Aug. Renewed attack on the Scots 289
Oct. Edward II. 's narrow escape at Byland . . . 289
Mar., 1323. Treason and execution of Andrew Harclay . . 290
Incapacity of the Despensers as administrators . 290
Their quarrels with the old nobles .... 290
1324. Their breach with Queen Isabella .... 291
Their chief helpers : Walter Stapledon and Ralph
Baldock 292
Reaction against the Despensers .... 293
1303-14. Relations of iingland and France .... 294
1314-22. Edward's dealings with Louis X. and Philip V. . 294
1322. Accession of Charles IV. ...... 295
1324. Affair of Saint-Sardos 295
Renewal of war. Sequestration of Gascony. Charles
of Valois' conquest of the Agenais and La Rdole 296
Isabella's mission to Paris ...... 297
Edward of Aquitaine's homage to Charles IV. . . 297
1325. Treachery of Charles IV. and second sequestration of
Gascony 297
VOL. in. h
XVIU
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
1326. Relations of Mortimer and Isabella
The Hainault marriage ....
23 Sept. Landing of Isabella and Mortimer
Riots in London : murder of Stapledon
26 Oct. Execution of the elder Despenser
16 Nov. Capture of Edward and the younger Despenser
Triumph of the revolution ....
7 Jan., 1327. Parliament's recognition of Edward of Aquitaine as
king
20 Jan. Edward II. 's resignation of the crown
24 Jan. Proclamation of Edward III.
22 Sept., 1328. Murder of Edward II. ....
1327-30. Rule of Isabella and Mortimer .
1327. Abortive Scottish campaign
April, 1328. Treaty of Northampton ; " the shameful peace
Character and ambition of Mortimer .
Oct. Mortimer Earl of the March of Wales
Henry of Lancaster's opposition to him
Mar., 1330. Execution of the Earl of Kent
Oct. Parliament at Nottingham
19 Oct. Arrest of Mortimer
29 Nov. His execution
1330-58. Later life of Isabella .
MICHAEL REESE
THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
Seventy-five years have passed since Lingard completed
his History of England, ivhich ends with the Revolu-
tion of 1688. During that period historical study has
made a great advance. Year after year the mass of
materials for a new History of England has increased;
new lights have been thrown on events and characters^
and old errors have been corrected. Many notable
works have been written on various periods of our
history ; some of them at such length as to appeal
almost exclusively to professed historical students. It
is believed that the time has come when the advance
zvhich has been made in the knowledge of English
history as a whole should be laid befo7^e the public in
a single work of fairly adequate size. Such a book
should be founded on independent thought and research^
but should at the same time be written with a full
knowledge of the works of the best tnodern historians
and with a desire to take advantage of their teaching
wherever it appears sound.
The vast number of authorities, printed and in
manuscript^ on which a History of England should be
based, if it is to represent the existing state of knozv-
ledge, renders co-operaaon almost necessary and certainly
advisable. The History, of which this vohrme is an in-
stalment, is an otteTnpt to set forth in a readable form
the results at present attained by research. It will con-
sist of twelve volumes by twelve different writers, each
ii POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
of them chosen as being specially capable of dealing with
the period which he tindertakes, and the editors, while
leaving to each author as free a hand as possible, hope
to insure a general similarity in method of treatment, so
that the tivelve volumes 7nay in their contents, as well as
in their outward appearance, form one History.
As its title imports, this History will primarily
deal with politics, with the History of England and,
after the date of the union with Scotland., Great Britain,
as a state or body politic ; but as the life of a nation is
complex, and its condition at any given time cannot be
understood without taking into account the various forces
acting upon it, notices of religious matters and of in-
tellectual, social, and economic progress will also find
place in these volumes. The footnotes will, so far as
is possible, be confined to references to authorities^ a^td
references will not be appended to statements which
appear to be matters of common kjioivledge and do
not call for support. Each volume will have an Ap-
pendix giving some account of the chief authorities,
original and secondary^ which the author has used.
This account will be compiled with a view of helping
students rather than of making long lists of books with-
out any notes as to their contents or value. That the
History will have faults both of its own and such as
will always in some measure attend co-operative work,
must be expected, but no pains have been spared to Tnake
it, so far as may be, not wholly unworthy of the great-
ness of its subject.
Each volume, while forming pd.. ^ .y ^ co^nplete
History, will also in itself be a separate and complete
book, will be sold separately, and will have its own
index, and two or m.ore fuaps.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. iii
Vol. I. to 1066. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., Litt.D., Fellow
of University College, London; Fellow of the British
Academy.
Vol. II. 1066 to 1 216. By George Burton Adams, M.A.,
Professor of History in Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut.
Vol. III. 1 216 to 1377. By T. F. Tout, M.A., Professor of
Medieval and Modern History in the Victoria University
of Manchester ; formerly Fellow of Pembroke College,
Oxford.
Vol. IV. 1377 to 1485. By C. Oman, M.A., Fellow of All
Souls' College, and Deputy Professor of Modern History
in the University of Oxford.
Vol. V. 1485 to 1547. By H. A. L. Fisher, M.A, Fellow
and Tutor of New College, Oxford.
Vol. VI. 1547 to 1603. By A. F. Pollard, M.A., Professor of
Constitutional History in University College, London.
Vol. VII. 1603 to 1660. By F. C. Montague, M.A., Professor
of History in University College, London ; formerly Fellow
of Oriel College, Oxford.
Vol. VIII. 1660 to 1702. By Richard Lodge, M.A., Professor
of History in the University of Edinburgh ; formerly
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.
Vol. IX. 1702 to 1760. By I. S. Leadam, M.A., formerly
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.
Vol. X. 1760 to 1 801. By the Rev. William Hunt, M.A.,
D.Litt, Trinity College, Oxford.
Vol. XI. 1 801 to 1837. By the Hon. George C. Brodrick,
D.C.L., late Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and
J. K. Fotheringham, M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford,
Lecturer in Classics at King's College, London.
Vol. XII. 1837 to 1901. By Sidney J. Low, M.A., Balliol
College, Oxford, formerly Lecturer on History at King's
College, London.
Zhc political Ibietor? of finglanb
IN TWELVE VOLUMES
Edited by WILLIAM HUNT, D.Litt., and
REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A.
III.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE
DEATH OF EDWARD III.
1216-1377
THE
HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY HI,
TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD HI.
(1216-1377)
BY
T. F. TOUT, M.A.
PROFESSOR OF MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1905
(J
*tr?l^,
-S^
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
The Regency of William Marshal.
19 Oct., 1216.
28 Oct.
11 Nov.
12 Nov.
1216-17.
1217.
22 April.
20 May.
23 Aug.
II Sept.
6 Nov.
14 May, 1219.
Death of King John .
Position of parties
The Church on the king's side
Coronation of Henry HI. .
Great council at Bristol
The first charter of Henry HI.
Progress of the war .
Rising of Wilkin of the Weald
Louis' visit to France
Return of Louis from France
Sieges of Dover, Farnham, and
The fair of Lincoln
The sea-fight off Sandwich
Treaty of Lambeth
Reissue of the great charter
Restoration of order by William
Death of William Marshal .
His character and career .
Mount Sorrel
Marshal .
PAGE
I
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
15
1219.
July,
1221.
Jan. -Feb.,
1221.
July,
1222.
1221-24.
12]
[9-23.
April,
1223.
June,
1224.
20 June-14
Aug.
CHAPTER n.
The Rule of Hubert de Burgh.
Pandulf the real successor of William Marshal
Langton procures Pandulf's recall
Ascendency of Hubert de Burgh
The rebellion of Albemarle
The sedition of Constantine FitzAthulf
Marriage alliances
War in Wales ......
Henry HL declared by the pope competent to govern
Revolt of Falkes de Breaute
Siege of Bedford
Fall of Falkes
Papal and royal taxation ....
17
19
20
20
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
27
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
April,
1227
1224
1225
Nov.,
1226
1229-30
21-30 July, 1230
1228
2 May,
1230
I23I
Aug.
2C
1232
) July
1231
1232
End of the minority ......
Relations with France during the minority
The Lusignans and the Poitevin barons
Louis VIII. 's conquest of Poitou
Expedition of Richard of Cornwall and William
Longsword to Gascony ....
Accession of Louis IX. in France
Henry III.'s campaign in Brittany and Poitou .
Siege of Mirambeau ......
The Kerry campaign ......
Death of William of Braose ....
Henry III.'s second Welsh campaign
Death of Archbishop Richard le Grand
Gregory IX. and Henry III. ....
Riots of Robert Twenge .....
Fall of Hubert de Burgh
Death of William Marshal the Younger
Death of Randolph of Blundeville, Earl of Chester
PAGE
29
29
30
31
32
34
34
36
37
3«
38
39
39
39
40
41
41
CHAPTER III.
The Alien Invasion.
1232-34.
Aug., 1233.
25 Nov.
1234.
1 April.
2 April.
9 April.
14 Jan.,
1236.
1239
1237
1239
1235
16 Nov.
1240
May-Sept.
, 1242
1243
Rule of Peter des Roches
Revolt of Richard Marshal ....
Fight near Monmouth .....
Richard Marshal in Ireland ....
Defeat and death of the Earl Marshal near Kildare
Edmund Rich consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
Fall of Peter des Roches
Beginning of Henry III.'s personal government
Character of Henry III.
The alien invasions ....
Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Provence
The Savoyards in England
Revival of Poitevin influence
Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester .
The legation of Cardinal Otto .
Quarrel of Gregory IX. and Frederick II.
Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln
Death of Edmund Rich in exile .
Henry III. and Frederick II.
Attempted reconquest of Poitou
The campaign of Taillebourg
Truce with France ....
The Lusignans in England
The baronial opposition
Grosseteste's opposition to Henry III. and Innocent
IV
43
45
47
48
49
50
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
66
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME. xi
1243. Relations with Scotland and Wales .... 67
1240. Death of Llewelyn ap lorwerth 67
1246. Death of David ap Llewelyn 68
CHAPTER IV.
Political Retrogression and National Progress.
1248-58, Characteristics of the history of these ten years
Decay of Henry's power in Gascony .
1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony
Aug., 1253. Henry IH. in Gascony ....
1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son 73
Edward's position in Gascony ....
Edward's position in Cheshire ....
1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales
Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales
1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward .
Revival of the baronial opposition . ...
1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily
1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the
Romans .......
Leicester as leader of the opposition .
Progress in the age of Henry HL
The cosmopolitan and the national ideals .
French influence
The coming of the friars
1221. Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in
England .......
1224. Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans
in England .......
Other mendicant orders in England .
The influence of the firiars
The universities ......
Prominent English schoolmen ....
Paris and Oxford
The mendicants at Oxford
Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus ....
Academic influence in public life
Beginnings of colleges
Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century
Literature in Latin and French ....
Literature in English
Art
Gothic architecture ......
The towns and trade
69
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
76
77
78
80
8i_
81
82
83
84
84
84
85
86
SS
89
go
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
9f>
96
97
Xll
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER V.
The Barons' War.
PAGE
2 April, 1258.
Parliament at London ....
. . 98
II June.
The Mad Parliament .
. 99
The Provisions of Oxford .
. 100
22 June.
Flight of the Lusignans
. 102
Appointment of the Fifteen
. 103
Working of the new Constitution
. 104
4 Dec, 1259.
Treaty of Paris ....
. 104
Its unpopularity in England and France .
. 106
1259.
Dissensions among the baronial leaders .
. 107
1259-
Provisions of Westminster
. 108
1261.
Henry HI.'s repudiation of the Provisions
. 109
1263.
Reconstitution of parties
. no
The changed policy of the marchers
. Ill
Outbreak of civil vi2S
. 112
The appeal to Louis IX.
. 112
23 Jan., 1264.
Mise of Amiens .....
. 113
Renewal of the struggle
. 113
4 April.
Sack of Northampton
. 114
The campaign in Kent and Sussex
• 115
14 May.
Battle of Lewes
. 116
Personal triumph of Montfort
. 118
CHAPTER VI.
The Rule
OF Montfort and the Royalist Restoratk
3N.
15 May.
Mise of Lewes
. 119
15 Dec.
Provisions of Worcester ....
. 121
Jan.-Mar., 1265.
The Parliament of 1265
. 121
Split up of the baronial party . . . .
. 123
Quarrel of Leicester and Gloucester .
. 123
28 May.
Edward's escape
. 124
22 June.
Treaty of Pipton
. 125
Small results of the alliance of Llewelyn an
i the
barons
• 125
The campaign in the Severn valley .
. 126
4 Aug.
Battle of Evesham
. 127
The royalist restoration
. 128
1266.
The revolt of the Disinherited . . . .
. 129
15 May.
Battle of Chesterfield
. 130
31 Oct.
The Dictum de Kenilworth . . . .
. 131
Michaelmas.
The Ely rebellion
• 131
April, 1267.
Gloucester's support of the Disinherited . ,
. 132
July.
End of the rebellion
. 132
25 Sept.
Treaty of Shrewsbury
. 133
1267.
Statute of Marlborough
. 134
1270-72.
Edward's Crusade
. 134
16 Nov., 1272.
Death of Henry III
.
. 135
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME.
Xlll
CHAPTER VII.
The Early Foreign Policy and Legislation of Edward I.
Character of Edward I
1272-74. Rule of the regency .....
Edward's doings in Italy and France .
Edward's relations with Philip III. .
1273-74. Wars of B^arn and Limoges
Edward I. and Gregory X, ...
Council of Lyons .....
Relations of Edward I. and Rudolf of Hapsburg
Treaty of Amiens .....
League of Macon .....
Sicilian vespers ......
Deaths of Philip III., Charles of Anjou, Peter of
Aragon, and Martin IV. .
Bishop Burnell ......
Statute of Westminster, the first
Statute of Gloucester ....
Hundred Rolls and placita de quo warranto
Archbishops Kilwardby and Peckham
1279. Statute of Mortmain
1285. Circumspecte agatis .....
1285. Statute of Westminster, the second [De Donis)
1285. Statute of Winchester ....
May-July, 1274.
23 May, 1279.
1281.
1282.
1285.
1275.
1278.
PAGE
136
139
140
141
142
142
143
146
146
146
147
147
148
149
152
154
1277.
1277.
1282.
1282,
II Dec.
1283.
3 Oct.
Mid-Lent, 1284.
1287.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Conquest of North Wales,
Execution of the Treaty of Shrewsbury
Llewelyn's refusal of homage ....
Edward's first Welsh campaign
Treaty of Aberconway .....
Edward's attempts to introduce English law into the
ceded districts ......
The Welsh revolt ......
Edward's second Welsh campaign
Llewelyn's escape to the Upper Wye
Battle of Orewyn Bridge
Parliaments and financial expedients
Subjection of Gwynedd completed
Parliament of Shrewsbury and execution of David
The Edwardian castles
Statute of Wales
Effect of the conquest upon the march
Peckham and the ecclesiastical settlement of Wales
Revolt of Rhys ap Meredith ....
15s
156
157
159
160
161
162
163
164
164
165
165
165
166
167
167
168
XIV
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER IX.
The Sicilian and the Scottish Arbitrations.
April, 1286-Aug.,
1289.
1287.
1288,
1291.
1289.
1290.
1291.
1290.
1272-86.
1286.
1286-89.
1289.
1290.'
May, 1291.
1291-92.
17 Nov., 1292.
1290.
Edward I. at the height of his fame
Edward's long visit to France .
The Sicilian arbitration
Treaty of Oloron
Treaty of Canfranc
Treaty of Tarascon .
Maladministration during Edward's absence
Judicial and official scandals
Special commission for the trial of offenders
Statute of Westminster, the third {Quia emptores
The feud between Gloucester and Hereford
The courts at Ystradvellte and Abergavenny
Humiliation of the marcher earls
Expulsion of the Jews ....
The rise of the Italian bankers .
Early relations of Edward to Scotland
Death of Alexander III. of Scotland .
Regency in the name of the Maid of Norway
Treaty of Salisbury .....
Treaty of Brigham
Death of the Maid of Norway .
The claimants to the Scottish throne
Parliament of Norham. Edward recognised as over
lord of Scotland ....
The great suit for Scotland
John Balliol declared King of Scots .
Edward's conduct in relation to Scotland
Death of Eleanor of Castile
Transition to the later years of the reign
Edward's later ministers
PAGE
169
170
170
171
171
171
172
172
172
173
174
174
174
175
176
177
177
177
178
178
179
179
iSi
181
183
183
184
184
185
CHAPTER X.
The French and Scottish Wars and the Confirmation of
THE Charters.
15 May, 1293.
1294.
June, 1294.
1294.
22 Jan., 1295.
July.
Commercial rivalry of English and French seamen . 186
Battle off Saint-Mahe 186
Edmund of Lancaster's failure to procure a settlement
with Philip IV 187
The French occupation of Gascony .... 187
War with France 188
Preparations for a French campaign .... 188
Revolts of Madog, Maelgwn, and Morgan . . 189
Edward's danger at Aberconway .... 189
Battle of Maes Madog 190
Welsh revolts suppressed . . . . . . 190
/
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME.
XV
1295.
5 July.
Nov.
1296.
27 April.
10 July.
Sept., 1294.
29 Feb., 1296.
24 Feb., 1297.
July.
24 Aug.
May.
II Sept.
12 Oct.
Failure of the Gascon campaign
Failure of attempted coalition against France
Organisation of the English navy
Treason of Sir Thomas Turberville .
The naval attack on England
Rupture between Edward and the Scots
Alliance between the French and Scots
The " Model Parliament " .
Gascon expedition and death of Edmund of Lancaster
Edward's invasion of Scotland .
Battle of Dunbar .....
Submission of John Balliol
Conquest and administration of Scotland .
The Ragman Roll .....
Consecration of Archbishop Winchelsea .
Boniface VIII. issues Clericis laicos .
Conflict of Edward and Winchelsea .
Parliament at Salisbury ....
Conflict of Edward with the earls
Break up of the clerical opposition
Increasing moderation of baronial opposition
Edward's departure for Flanders
Revolt of the Scots under William Wallace
Battle of Stirling Bridge ....
Confirmation of the charters with new clauses
PAGE
191
191
192
192
192
193
194
195
196
196
197
197
198
198
199
200
200
202
202
203
204
205
205
207
208
1297.
31
Jan.,
1298.
July.
22
July.
19
June,
1299.
9
Sept.
Mar.,
1300.
July-Aug.
20 Jan
.-14
Feb.,
1301.
1302.
20
May,
1303-
1303-
CHAPTER XI.
The Scottish Failure.
Edward's unsuccessful campaign in Flanders . . 210
Truce of Tournai, and end of the French war . . 211
Edward's invasion of Scotland 212
Battle of Falkirk 213
Slowness of Edward's progress towards the conquest
of Scotland 215
Treaty of Montreuil 216
Marriage of Edward and Margaret of France . . 217
Articidi super cartas ....... 217
Carlaverock campaign ...... 218
Parliament of Lincoln ...... 218
The barons' letter to the pope 219
Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales . . . 220
Philip IV. 's troubles with the Flemings and Boniface
VIII 221
Peace of Paris between Edward and Philip . . 222
Increasing strength of Edward's position . . . 222
The decay of the earldoms ..... 223
Additions to the royal demesne ..... 224
Conquest of Scotland seriously undertaken . . 225
XVI
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
24 July, 1304.
Aug., 1305-
1305-
10 Jan.
1307.
1305-
1306.
25 Mar.
7 July, 1307.
Capture of Stirling
Execution of Wallace and completion of the conquest
The settlement of the government of Scotland
Disgrace of Winchelsea and Bek
Edward I. and Clement V.
Statute of Carlisle
Ordinance of Trailbaston .
Murder of Comyn
Rising of Robert Bruce
Bruce crowned King of Scots
Preparations for a fresh conquest of Scotland
Death of Edward I
225
226
227
228
230
230
231
232
233
233
234
235
25
Jan.,
2f
1307.
1308.
, Feb.
18
July,
May.
1309.
1310.
16 Mar.
Sept.
Nov
,
1311.
1311.
Jan.,
13
12.
19
June,
1312.
Oct.,
1313.
May.
1312.
CHAPTER XII.
Gaveston, the Ordainers, and Bannockburn.
Character of Edward II
Peter Gaveston Earl of Cornwall
Marriage of Edward with Isabella of France
Coronation of Edward II. .
Power and unpopularity of Gaveston
Gaveston exiled .......
Return of Gaveston condoned by Parliament at Stam
ford
Renewal of the opposition of the barons to Gaveston
Appointment of the lords ordainers .
Abortive campaign against the Scots .
Character and policy of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
The ordinances .......
Gaveston's second exile and return
The earls at war against Edward and Gaveston
Gaveston's surrender at Scarborough
Murder of Gaveston
Consequent break up of the baronial party
Edward and Lancaster reconciled
Death of Archbishop Winchelsea
Fall of the Templars ......
Walter Reynolds Archbishop of Canterbury
Complaints of papal abuses ....
Progress of Bruce's power in Scotland
The siege of Stirling ......
An army collected for its relief ....
Battle of Bannockburn .....
The results of the battle .....
1314-
24 June.
236
238
239
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
245
247
249
250
250
251
252
253
254
254
256
256
257
258
259
260
262
CHAPTER XIII.
Lancaster, Pembroke, and the Despensers.
Failure of the rule of Thomas of Lancaster
1315. Revolts of Llewelyn Bren ....
264
267
CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME, xvii
13
14-18.
1319.
1317.
1320.
June,
1321.
July.
23-3]
[ Oct.,
1321.
Jan.
-Feb.,
1322.
II
Feb.
16 Mar.
22
Mar.
2
May.
1315. Rising of Adam Banaster .....
1316. The Bristol disturbances .....
1315. Edward Bruce's attack on the English in Ireland
13 7. Roger Mortimer in Ireland . ....
1318. Death of Edward Bruce at Dundalk .
Lancaster's failure and the break up of his party
Pembroke and the middle party
9 Aug. Treaty of Leek and the supremacy of the middle
party ....
Progress of Robert Bruce .
Renewed attack on Scotland
Battle of Myton
Rise of the Despensers
The partition of the Gloucester inheritance
War between the husbands of the Gloucester heiresses
in South Wales ......
Conferences at Pontefract and Sherburn .
The exile of the Despensers ....
Break up of the opposition after their victory
The siege of Leeds Castle .....
Edward's successful campaign in the march
Recall of the Despensers .....
The king's march against the northern barons .
Battle of Boroughbridge .....
Execution of Lancaster .....
Parliament at York and repeal of the ordinances
The triumph of the Despensers ....
PAGE
267
268
268
271
272
272
273
274
275
275
276
277
279
280
281
281
282
282
284
284
284
285
286
287
288
CHAPTER XIV.
The Fall of Edward II. and the Rule of Isabella and Mortimer.
Aug. Renewed attack on the Scots 289
Oct. Edward II. 's narrow escape at Byland . . . 289
Mar., 1323. Treason and execution of Andrew Harclay . . 290
Incapacity of the Despensers as administrators . 290
Their quarrels with the old nobles .... 290
1324. Their breach with Queen Isabella .... 291
Their chief helpers : Walter Stapledon and Ralph
Baldock 292
Reaction against the Despensers .... 293
1303-14. Relations of iingland and France .... 294
1314-22. Edward's dealings with Louis X. and Philip V. . 294
1322. Accession of Charles IV. ...... 295
1324. Affair of Saint-Sardos 295
Renewal of war. Sequestration of Gascony. Charles
of Valois' conquest of the Agenais and La Rdole 296
Isabella's mission to Paris ...... 297
Edward of Aquitaine's homage to Charles IV. . . 297
1325. Treachery of Charles IV. and second sequestration of
Gascony 297
VOL. in. h
XVIU
POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
1326. Relations of Mortimer and Isabella
The Hainault marriage ....
23 Sept. Landing of Isabella and Mortimer
Riots in London : murder of Stapledon
26 Oct. Execution of the elder Despenser
16 Nov. Capture of Edward and the younger Despenser
Triumph of the revolution ....
7 Jan., 1327. Parliament's recognition of Edward of Aquitaine as
king
20 Jan. Edward II. 's resignation of the crown
24 Jan. Proclamation of Edward III.
22 Sept., 1328. Murder of Edward II. ....
1327-30. Rule of Isabella and Mortimer .
1327. Abortive Scottish campaign
April, 1328. Treaty of Northampton ; " the shameful peace
Character and ambition of Mortimer .
Oct. Mortimer Earl of the March of Wales
Henry of Lancaster's opposition to him
Mar., 1330. Execution of the Earl of Kent
Oct. Parliament at Nottingham
19 Oct. Arrest of Mortimer
29 Nov. His execution
1330-58. Later life of Isabella .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Online Library → T. F. (Thomas Frederick) Tout → The history of England from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III (1216-1377) → online text (page 1 of 52)
Using the text of ebook The history of England from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III (1216-1377) by T. F. (Thomas Frederick) Tout active link like:
read the ebook The history of England from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III (1216-1377)
read the ebook The history of England from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III (1216-1377)
