W. (Wilhelm) Ihne.
The history of Rome (Volume 2) online
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THE GIFT OF
MAY TREAT MORRISON
IN MEMORY OF
ALEXANDER F MORRISON
f
THE
HISTOEY OF EOME
VOL. II.
LONDON: PRINTED BT
SPOTTISWOOlJli AND CO., NEW-STUDET SIJUAUE
AND rAIU.IASIENT STREEC
THE
HISTOEY OF EOME.
BY
WILHELM IHNE.
ENGLISH EDITION.
VOL. II.
LONDON :
LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO.
1871.
Il
DG.
ABl
1571
i.
CONTENTS
THE SECOND VOLUME.
FOURTH BOOK.
STRUGGLE FOR THE ASCENDANCY
IN THE WEST.
CHAPTER I.
CARTHAGE.
Differences of soil and climate between Europe and Afi-
Migrations of the Semitic and Aryan tribes .
Phoenician colonisation in Africa .
Points of difference between the Phoenician and 1
colonies ......
Rapid growth and power of Carthage .
Nature of the Carthaginian empire
Elements of weakness in the Carthaginian state
Geographical dangers .....
Agriculture and trade of Carthage
Dependents and tributaries of Carthage
The Liby-Phcenicians .....
The Carthaginian state ....
Acknowledgment of Carthaginian supremacy
Phoenician cities of northern Africa
The Numidians ......
Foreign possessions of Carthage .
Sardinia .......
Gades and other settlements in Spain .
Constitution c>f Carthage ....
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VI
CONTENTS OF
Points of likeness between the Carthaginian and other con
stitutions ....
INInnicipal government of Carthage
The SufFetes
The command of the army .
Carthaginian timocracy
The Carthaginian senate
The people ....
Criminal jurisdiction .
Carthaginian aristocracy
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19
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20
CHAPTER II.
SICILY.
Historical geography of Sicily
Greek and Carthaginian power in Sicily
Defeat of the Carthaginians at Himera
Preponderance of Syracuse .
Destruction of Agrigentum .
Tyranny of the elder Dionysius .
Victories of Dionysius .
Siege of Syracuse
Piratical expeditions of Dionysius
The younger Dionysius and Timoleon
Barren victories of Timoleon
Tyranny of Agathoklcs
Later expeditions of Agathokles .
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27
28
29
29
30
CHAPTER III.
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.
Fii si Pr.ruid. To the capture of Agrigentum, 2C
TortuncH of Zankh' or Messana ....
(.'uptiin; of Rliegium l)y Roman mutineers .
I Hero, tyrant of Syracuse .....
UolatioMH of Carthage to Rome ....
JoalouHv of Rome for Carthage . . . .
Rf'HoIution of the Romans to aid the Mamertines of Älci^
diaiig«! ill ihi; cliaraftcr of Koman hisLoiv
Uclativc Htrciiglli <il' K'oiik; ami Carlhnjc
2 1!.C.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
TUE SECOND VOLUME.
Vll
Occupation of Messana by the Romans ,
Landing of the Romans in Sicily ....
Ineffectual league of Hiero with the Carthaginians.
Second campaign in Sicily, 2G3 b.c.
Alliance of Hiero with Rome ....
Decline of the Carthaginian poAver in Sicily .
Probable causes of the success of the Romans
Renewed efforts of the Carthaginians, 262 B.c.
The Romans besiege Agrigentum
Defeat of Hanno .......
Escape of the Carthaginian garrison under Hannibal
Historical value of the narrative ....
Extended designs of the Romans ....
PAGE
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40
40
42
42
43
44
45
46
47
47
48
49
Second Period, 261-255 b.c. The first Roman fleet. MylcB.
Ecnomus. JRegulus in Africa.
Maritime supremacy of Carthage ...... 49
Determination of the Romans to cope with Carthage by .sea . 50
Late development of the Roman navy . . . . .51
The building of the fleet 52
Improbabilities of the story ....... 53
Composition of the Roman navy ...... 54
Capture of the fleet of Cn. Cornelius Scipio .... 55
Battle of Mylfß 55
Roman naval tactics . . . . . . . .57
Defeat of the Carthaginian.s . . . . . . .57
Relief of Segesta 58
Operations of Hamilcar 59
Destruction of Eryx by Hamilcar ..... 60
Victory of Hamilcar at Thermae 60
Renewed successes of tlie Romans . . . . .61
Expedition of Scipio to Corsica ...... (j2
Battle of Tvndaris . 64
Movements of the fleet under Regulus and Manlius Vulso . 65
Battle of Ecnomus . . . . . . . .65
Landing of the Romans on Carthaginian territory . . . ^)^
Ravages of the Roman army in Africa ..... 67
Exorbitant demands of Regulus as conditions of peace . . 69
Defeat of Regulus • . . . . . . .70
Victory of the Romans at the Hermrean promontory . . 71
Destruction of the Roman fleet off the coast of Sicily . . 72
Vlll
CONTENTS OF
Third Period, 254-250 b.c. The victory at Panormus
Capture of Panormus by Cn. Cornelius Scipio
Failure of the second Roman expedition to Africa
Exhaustion of both sides ....
Capture of Lipara by the Romans
Victory of the Romans at Panormus
Alleged mission of Carthaginian envoys to Rome
The story of Regulus .....
The silence of Polybius ....
Probable origin of the story
Fourth Period, 250-249 b.c. LilyhcBum and Drepana
Effects of the victory of Panormiis
Attack on Lilyba3um by the Romans .
Number of the besieging force ....
Duration of the siege ......
Modes of siege in ancient warfare
Obstinacy of the siege of Lilybasum
Movements of Adherbal and the Carthaginian fleet
Relief of Lilybseum by Hannibal ....
Unsuccessful attempt of Himilco to destroy the Roman works
Departure of Hannibal with his fleet
Capture of the Rhodian Hannibal
Distress of the garrison of Lily ba3um
Destruction of the Roman siege-works .
Perseverance of the Romans . . â– .
Their special difliculties .....
The winter blockade ......
Defeat of Claudius Pulcher at Drepana
Dictatorslii]) of A. Atilius Calatinus
Alleged ])r()faiiity of Claudius ....
Energy of the Carthaginians ....
Destruction of the Roman fleet and transport ships under
L. Junius .......
Seizure of the temple of the Erycinian Venus by the consul
JuiiiuH .......
Capture (jf-Iiiiiius ]>y tlu! Carthaginians
PAGE
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96
97
Fifth I'rriot/, 2I.S-241 B.C. Ilamilcar Barcas. Battle at the
ylCyatian Islands. Peace.
Ravage« of tlio ( Jarlhaginiaii fleet 97
Renewal of tlic alliaiic«' witli llicro ..... 99
THE SECOND VOLUME.
IX
Exchange of prisoners with Carthage .
Arrival of Ilamilcar Barcas ....
His treatment of tlie Gallic mercenaries
Operations of Ilamilcar ....
Occupation of Eryx by Hamilcar .
Sufferings of the Eoman allies
General impoverishment of the Roman state .
Tedious prolongation of the war .
Dispatch of Caius Lutatius Catulus with a fleet to Sicily
Defeat of the Carthaginians at the ^gatian Islands
Negotiations for peace .....
Position of the Romans at the close of the war
Embassies to Rome from foreign states .
Changes in the military institutions of Rome
Constitution of the Roman army .
Evil of annually elected generals .
The Roman navy .....
Constitution of the Carthaginian armies
The Carthaginian generals ....
Carthaginian inieriority at sea
Effect of the peace on the power of Carthage .
PAGK
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108
110
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112
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114
114
115
CHAPTER IV.
THE WAR OP THE MEECENARIES, 241-238 B.C.
Revolt of the Carthaginian allies ....
Cause of the mutiny ......
Suppression of the mutiny .....
Conduct of the Romans .....
Revolt of the Carthaginian mercenaries in Sardinia
Interference of the Romans in Sardinia .
Surrender of Sardinia to the Romans ,
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116
118
118
120
121
121
CHAPTER V.
THE WAR WITH THE GAULS, 225-222 B.C.
Destruction of Falerii .....
Gallic and Illyrian wars ....
Causes of the long inaction of the Gauls in Italy
The position of the Gallic tribes .
123
123
123
124
CONTENTS OF
Attack ou the colony of Arimiuum ....
Proposed extension of the colony .....
Agrarian law of Caius Flaminius .....
Conduct of the patricians to Flaminius ....
The great road of Flaminius .....
Movements among the Gallic tribes ....
Fears of the Eomans .......
March of the Gauls .......
Retreat of the Gauls from Clusium and battle of Telamon
Annihilation of the Gallic army .....
Devastation of the Boian territory by the consul yEmilius
Eesults of the battle of Telamon .....
Subjugation of the Insubrians .....
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125
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127
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128
129
129
131
132
133
134
CHAPTER VI.
THE FIKST ILLYKIAN WAR, 229-228 B.C.
Roman colonies on the Adriatic ...... 136
The pirates of Illyricum ....... 136
Roman embassy to Illyricum . . . . . .138
Successful Roman campaigns in Illyricum .... 139
CHAPTER VII.
THE SECOND ILLYRIAN AVAR, 219 B.C.
Alliance of Demetrius of Pharos with Antlgonus, king of
IMacedonia ......... 141
('a]iture of Pharos by TEmilius PauUus .... 141
Position of Rome after the Gallic and Illyriau Avars . . 142
CHAPTER VIII.
TIIK SKCOM) FUNIC OR HANNIBALIAN WAR, -JlS-üOl B.C.
FivKt Period. From the ber/innivf/ of the icar to the Lalite of
CaniKT', 218-216 b.c.
RoHults of tlic first Punic war .....
Eflbcts of tlie war on tlic internal constitution of Carthage
I'olicy of Ilaniilcar Barcas ......
I'h(fiiiciaii Hcttlt'iiicnts in Spain .....
IIa)ii(l [-rowlli of (Jartlia^Miiiaii ])(jwcr in Spain
143
143
145
115
116
THE SKGOND VOLUME.
XI
PAGE
Attitude of the Iloman state ...... 14G
Death of Hasdrubal 147
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barcas ..... 147
Hatred of the Romans for Hannibal . . . . .141)
Real position of Hannibal as a Carthaginian general . .150
Resources of Carthage . . . . . . .152
Policy of the Romans in delaying the renewal of the war . 153
Alliance of Saguntum with Rome . , . . .154
Preparations of Hannibal ....... 154
Importance of Saguntum . . . . . . .155
Roman embassy to Hannibal . . . . . .156
Siege of Saguntum by Hannibal . . . . . .156
Second embassy of the Romans to the Cartluiginians . . 157
Character of the second Punic war ..... 158
Growth of an Italo -Roman nation . . . . .159
Gain to the conquered tribes ...... 159
Bui'dens of the Roman allies . . . . . .160
Population of Italy 160
Naval power of the Romans and Carthaginians . . .161
Alliance of the Carthaginians with the Gauls . . .162
Expected revolt of the Italian allies , . . . .163
Attitude of the Macedonian government .... 164
Provisions of Hannibal for the defence of Spain and Africa . 1 64
March of Hannibal from New Carthage, 218 b.c. . . .165
Landing of a Roman army at Massilia . . . . .166
Inadequate preparations of the Romans . . . .166
Rising of the Boian Gaiils ....... 167
Additional Roman levies . . . . . . .167
Voyage and march of Scipio . . . . . .168
Boldness and wisdom of Hannibal's plan . . . .170
Hannibal and the AUobrogians ...... 171
Passage of the Alps .171
Geographical controversies . . . . . . .173
March to the Little St. Bernard . .... 173
Hostility of the mountaineers ...... 175
Treachery of the Gauls . . . . . . .176
Descent of the Alps . . . . . . . .176
Condition of Hannibal's army ...... 177
Hannibal and the Taurinians . . . . . .179
Alleged device of Hannibal for the encouragenicut of his
soldiers ........ . 180
March and defeat of Scipio . . . . . . .180
Passage of the Trebia ........ 181
Attitude of the Gallic tribes . . . . . .182
XU
CONTENTS OF
Movement of the Roman army to the left bank of the Trebia
Operations of Sempronius in Sicily
Zeal of King Hiero .....
Junction of Sempronius with Scipio
Preparations for the battle of the Trebia
Tactics of Hannibal .....
Defeat of the Romans .....
Retreat of Scipio to Placentia
Success and ability of Hannibal .
Effects of Hannibal's victory
Hannibal's treatment of his prisoners .
Winter operations of Hannibal
Unsuccessful attempt of Hannibal to cross the Apennines
Operations in Spain .....
Defeat of Hanno by Scipio ....
Alarm in the city of Rome on the tidings of Hannibal's victory
at the Trebia .....
Opposition to Flaminius ....
Efforts to prevent the re-election of Flaminius
Flaminius elected consul ....
Marches of the two consuls ....
Lliscalculation of the Romans
March of the Carthaginians ....
Movements of Hannibal towards Rome .
Movements of Flaminius ....
Reasons for the censures passed upon Flaminius
Charges brought against Flaminius
Disposition of Hannibal's forces .
'I'he battle of the Thrasymene lake
Dismay in the city of Rome on the tidings of the battle
Defeat of Centenius
Firnmcss of the Roman senate
Prodictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus .
Military measures of Fabius
Greatness of the emergency ....
Plans of Haimibal .....
The Cartliaginians in Picenum
Adojitif)!! of the Roman arms
iv.xultation at Carthage ....
The fidelity of the Roman allies .
Roman firmness ......
Ii'oman Icvie« ......
Tactics of Fabius in Aj)ulia
KvcIiIm ill r;ilii|(;uiia .....
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219
219
220
THE SECOND VOLUME.
PAGE
Dissatisfaction of the Komana with Fal)ius .... 222
The military power sliared eqriaUy between the dictator and
the master of the iiorse ...... 223
Defeat of Minucius ........ 224
Effects of the policy of Fabius 224
Spirit of the Roman senate ....... 225
Operations of Cn. Scipio in Spain . . . . .226
Dispatch of reinforcements for Spain ..... 227
Civil dissensions at Rome ....... 228
Enrolment of a new Roman army ...... 229
Question of supplies ........ 230
Position of the Roman army ...... 231
Defects of Roman military usage ...... 231
Movements of the consul jEmilius ..... 232
State of feeling in Rome ....... 233
The battle-field of Cannaj 234
Disposition of the Carthaginian army ..... 235
Defeat of the Roman cavalry ...... 236
Destruction of the Roman infantry ..... 236
Capture of the Roman camps ...... 237
Effects of the battle of Canute 238
Causes assigned by popular writers for the Roman defeat . 239
The Roman allies ........ 240
Disposition of Hannibal toAvards the Romans . . .240
Danger of the Roman city . . . . . . .241
Precautions of the senate ....... 241
Military measures for carrying on the war .... 242
Second Period. From the battle of Canna.' to the Revolution
in Syracuse, 216-215 b.c.
Position of Hannibal in Italy ...... 244
The histories of Polybius ....... 244
Religious ceremonies at Rome ...... 246
Drain of the war on the population of Italy .... 247
New levies of the dictator M. Junius Pera .... 249
Refusal of the Romans to ransom the prisoners taken at Canna; 249
Roman slanders against Hannibal . . . . . . 251
Position of Hannibal after the battle of Cannai . . . 253
Reasons for Hannibal's hesitation to march upon Rome . . 254
Policy of Hannibal ........ 254
Overtures of Hannibal to the Roman allies .... 255
Fidelity of the allies to Rome 255
Revolts in Bruttium and Campania ..... 256
Change in the character of the war 257
XIV
CONTENTS OF
Eesolution of the Carthaginians to reinforce Hannibal
The Avar in Spain .....
Further revolts among the Eoman allies
Condition of Capua .....
Disposition of the plebeians of Capua towards Hannibal
Eevolt of Capua, Atella, and Calatia
The resistance of Decius Magius to Hannibal
Story of Pacuvius Calavius ....
Occupation of Nola by the prastor Marcellus .
Occupation of Nuceria and Acerr^e by Hannibal
Siege of Casilinum .....
Prospects of the war .....
Hannibal's Italian allies ....
Defeat of Hasdrubal at Ibera in Spain .
State of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily
Defeat of Postumius Albinus in Cisalpine Gaul
Further revolts of Eoman allies in Bruttium
Sojourn of Hannibal in Capua
Operations in Campania, 215 b.c.
Defeat of the Carthaginians at lUiturgi and Intibili in Sp?
215 B.c
Success of the Eomans in Sardinia
Alliance of Philip of Macedonia with Hannibal
Mistaken policy of Philip ....
Third Period. The War in Sicilij, 215
Death of Hiero, king of Syracuse
Character of Hiero's reign ....
Eelations of Hiero with Eome and Carthage .
Effects of Eoman supremacy in Sicily .
Ee-constitution of the Eoman senate
Financial difliculties .....
Financial mea.sures .....
Commission of the year 21G b.c. .
Sumptuary laws ......
Amount of the Eoman levies
Eecovory of Casilinum, and repulse of Hannibal a
Eevolution in Sicily .....
Negotiations b(!twfeu IIannil)al and Hieronymus
Eepublican rcactir)n in Syracuse .
Death of Hieronymus .....
Surrender of Ortygia by Andranodoros.
Massacre of the fiimily (if II icro .
212 B.c.
Nol
PACE
257
258
258
258
259
260
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288
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293
294
294
295
296
THE SECOND VOLUME.
XV
Counter revolution in Syracuse ....
Triumph of the Carthaprinian party at Syracuse
INIarch of Marcellus to Syx'acuse ....
Military resources of Syracuse ....
Failiu-e of the attempts of IMarcellus to storm Syracuse
Carthaginian operations in Sicily ....
Massacre of the inhabitants of Enna by L. Pinarius
Eesults of the massacre .....
Siege of Syracuse by Marcellus ....
Anarchy in Syracuse ......
Treachery of Mericus ......
Fall and sack of Syracuse .....
PAGE
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298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
309
310
310
Fourth Period. From the talcing of Syracuse to the
capture of Capua ^ 212-211 b.c.
Surrender of Agrigentum by Mutines, and complete sul^jugation
of Sicily " . 313
Events in Spain and Africa . . . . . . .314
Employment of mercenaries in Spain ..... 316
Defeat and death of the ScijDios . . . . . .316
Operations of Hannibal in southern Italy . . . .318
Dishonesty of Roman contractors . . . . . .319
Trial of M. Posturaius Pyrgensis . . . . . .319
Condemnation of Postumius and his accomplices . . . 320
Eoman civic morality ........ 321
Growth of superstition in Rome . . . . . .321
Levying of new legions ....... 322
Surrender of Tarentum to Hannibal ..... 323
Proclamation of Hannibal to the Tarentines . . . 324
Siege of the citadel of Tarentum ...... 325
Alliance of other Greek cities Avith Hannilml . . . 326
Roman designs against Capua ...... 326
Condition of Capua . . . . . . . .327
Request of the Capuans to Hannibal for supplies . . . 328
Capture of the convoys for Capua by the Romans . , . 328
Defeat and death of Sempronius Gracchus . . . .329
Total defeat of Fulvius in Apulia ...... 330
Relative position of Hannibal and the Romans . , . 330
Resolution of the Roman people ...... 331
Siege of Capua . . . . . . . . .331
Resistance of the Capuans ....... 332
Internal condition of Capua ....... 333
Attempts of Hannibal to relieve Capua .... 333
iNIarch of Hannibal towards Rome .... - 335
XVI
CONTENTS OF
Dismay of the Romans
Measures of the senate
Eetreat of Hannibal irom Eome .
Fall of Capua ....
Treatment of Capua by the Romans
Execution of Capuans at Rome
Explanation of Roman policy
Change in the character of the war
Dispatch of Roman reinforcements to Spain
Early life of Publius Cornelius Scipio .
Family influence of the Scipios in Rome
Character of Scipio ....
Departure of Scipio for Spain
Plans of Scipio .....
Siege and capture of New Carthage
Roman regulations for the sack of towns
Disposal of the booty ....
Plunder of New Carthage .
Personal anecdotes of Scipio
Effects of the fall of New Carthage
Disposition of the Italian towns .
Difliculties of Hannibal's position
Betrayal ol" Salapia to Marcellus .
Defeat of Cn. Fulvius Centumalus at Herdonea
Destruction of Herdonea by Hannibal .
Operations of Marcellus
Defeat of the Roman fleet by the Tarentines
Pressure of the war on the Romans
Refusal of twelve Latin colonies to contribute men and
for the war .....
Seriousness of the crisis
Fidelity of the remaining eighteen Latin colonics .
Roman preparations for the re-conquest of Tarentum
Of)(:rations of Fabius and Marcellus
C!;iptiirn (A' the Roman army before Caulonia by Hannil
lictruyul of Tarentum to tlic Romans .
Position of Hannibal after tlic fall of Tarentum
Fifth consulship (if Marcil his ....
Death of Marcellus ......
Character and ability of Marcellus
Source of tlic exaggerations in the story of Marcellus
money
PAOB
336
337
338
340
341
343
345
Fifth Period. From the fall of Capua to the battle on the
Metaurus, 211-207 b.c.
346
346
347
348
350
351
351
352
354
354
354
356
357
358
358
358
359
360
360
361
362
363
363
364
366
367
367
368
369
370
371
371
374
THE SECOND VOLUME
XVll
I'AtiE
lu'iising of the siege of Locri ...... 875
Prospects of the Romans 375
Discontent in Etruria 37G
Events in Spain ......... 378
Battle of Ba?cula and march of Hasdrubal . . . .379
Anxiety in liome . . . . . . . . 3<S1
Military measiires of the Romans ..... 383
Consulship of C. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator . 383
Ilasdrubal's march through Gaul ...... 385
Movements of Hannibal ....... 386
Capture of the messengers of Hasdrubal .... 387
March of Nero 388
Battle of the Metaurus 389
Effect of the victory on the Romans ..... 391
Plans of Hannibal 393
Triumjih of the consuls . . . . . . .393
Sixth Period. From the battle on the Metmiriis to the taking
ofLocri, 207-205 b.c.
Character of Carthaginian and Roman conquests in Spain . 394
Alleged exploits of Scipio in Spain . • . . . . 396
Popularity of Scipio in Spain ...... 397
Magnificence and power of Scipio ..... 399
Capture of Oringis by the Romans ..... 400
Second battle of Btecula ....... 401
Overtures of Masinissa to Scipio ...... 401
Relations of Scipio with Syphax ...... 402
Alleged meeting of Scipio with Syphax .... 403
Story of the funeral games at New Carthage . . . 404
Storming of Illiturgi ........ 405
Destruction of Astapa ........ 406
Illness of Scipio and mutiny of troops ..... 406
Defeat of Mandonius and Indibilis ..... 407
FallofGades . . . 407
Significance of the battle of the Metaurus .... 409
Policy of Philip of Macedon . . . . . .409
Condition of the Greek states ...... 410
League between the vEtolians and the Romans . . .411
Effects of the league with the iE tolians . . . .412
War between the /Etolians and Philip of Macedonia . . 412
Return of Scipio to Rome ....... 414
Debates on the expedition to Africa . . . . .415
Position of Hannibal 417
Compromise between Scipio and the senate .... 417
VOL. II. a
CONTENTS OF
Voluntary contributions for the Meet and army of Scipio
State of the Roman troops .......
Surprise and capture of Locri ......
Atrocities of the Roman soldiers after the capture of Locri
Measui-es of the Roman senate and people on the complaints
of the Locrians ...
Preparations of Scipio for the descent on Africa
Expedition of Mago from xMinorca
Embarkation of Scipio at Lilybseum
Landing of Scipio in Africa
Seventh Period. The War in Africa to the Conclusion of
Peace, 204-201 b.c.
PAGE
418
419
420
421
Character of tlie war in Africa
Plans of Scipio .....
Siege of Utica .....
Vigorous resistaaice of the Uticans
Alliance of Masinissa with Scipio
Destruction of the African camps
Defeat of Hasdi-ubal and Syphax .
Capture of Syphax by Masinissa .
Defeat of Scipio's fleet by the Carthaginians
Negotiations for peace ....
Conditions of the armistice .
Reception of the Carthaginian ambassadors at Rome
Recall and death of Mago
Relations of Hannibal with the king of Maced
The bronze tablets of Hannibal .
Slanderous charges against Hannibal .
Recall of Hannibal from Italy
Landing of Hannibal at Leptis
Failure of the peace negotiations .
Shipwreck of a Roman convoy in the liay of Carth
Operations of Hannibal against Masinissa
The so-called battle of Zama
Disposition of the opposing forces,
Tlie order of the Roman legions .
C()nii)k!te defeat of tlic Carthaginians
licturn of llamiilial to Carthage .
I'olicy of Scipio .....
State of parties in Carthage
'I'l-rniH oC peace .....
'J'rufC! for three nionlhs
.loy ill Rcme on the tidings of Scipio's victojy
, 429
. 430
. 430
. 431
. 433
. 434
. 435
. 436
. 436
. 438
. 439
. 439
. 440
. 441
. 442
. 443
. 444
. 445
. 445
. 446
. 448
. 449
. 450
. 451
. 452
. 453
. 453
A
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THE GIFT OF
MAY TREAT MORRISON
IN MEMORY OF
ALEXANDER F MORRISON
f
THE
HISTOEY OF EOME
VOL. II.
LONDON: PRINTED BT
SPOTTISWOOlJli AND CO., NEW-STUDET SIJUAUE
AND rAIU.IASIENT STREEC
THE
HISTOEY OF EOME.
BY
WILHELM IHNE.
ENGLISH EDITION.
VOL. II.
LONDON :
LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO.
1871.
Il
DG.
ABl
1571
i.
CONTENTS
THE SECOND VOLUME.
FOURTH BOOK.
STRUGGLE FOR THE ASCENDANCY
IN THE WEST.
CHAPTER I.
CARTHAGE.
Differences of soil and climate between Europe and Afi-
Migrations of the Semitic and Aryan tribes .
Phoenician colonisation in Africa .
Points of difference between the Phoenician and 1
colonies ......
Rapid growth and power of Carthage .
Nature of the Carthaginian empire
Elements of weakness in the Carthaginian state
Geographical dangers .....
Agriculture and trade of Carthage
Dependents and tributaries of Carthage
The Liby-Phcenicians .....
The Carthaginian state ....
Acknowledgment of Carthaginian supremacy
Phoenician cities of northern Africa
The Numidians ......
Foreign possessions of Carthage .
Sardinia .......
Gades and other settlements in Spain .
Constitution c>f Carthage ....
PAGE
3
b
5
G
G
7
8
9
10
10
10
11
12
12
13
It
14
430133
VI
CONTENTS OF
Points of likeness between the Carthaginian and other con
stitutions ....
INInnicipal government of Carthage
The SufFetes
The command of the army .
Carthaginian timocracy
The Carthaginian senate
The people ....
Criminal jurisdiction .
Carthaginian aristocracy
14
15
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
CHAPTER II.
SICILY.
Historical geography of Sicily
Greek and Carthaginian power in Sicily
Defeat of the Carthaginians at Himera
Preponderance of Syracuse .
Destruction of Agrigentum .
Tyranny of the elder Dionysius .
Victories of Dionysius .
Siege of Syracuse
Piratical expeditions of Dionysius
The younger Dionysius and Timoleon
Barren victories of Timoleon
Tyranny of Agathoklcs
Later expeditions of Agathokles .
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
CHAPTER III.
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.
Fii si Pr.ruid. To the capture of Agrigentum, 2C
TortuncH of Zankh' or Messana ....
(.'uptiin; of Rliegium l)y Roman mutineers .
I Hero, tyrant of Syracuse .....
UolatioMH of Carthage to Rome ....
JoalouHv of Rome for Carthage . . . .
Rf'HoIution of the Romans to aid the Mamertines of Älci^
diaiig«! ill ihi; cliaraftcr of Koman hisLoiv
Uclativc Htrciiglli <il' K'oiik; ami Carlhnjc
2 1!.C.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
TUE SECOND VOLUME.
Vll
Occupation of Messana by the Romans ,
Landing of the Romans in Sicily ....
Ineffectual league of Hiero with the Carthaginians.
Second campaign in Sicily, 2G3 b.c.
Alliance of Hiero with Rome ....
Decline of the Carthaginian poAver in Sicily .
Probable causes of the success of the Romans
Renewed efforts of the Carthaginians, 262 B.c.
The Romans besiege Agrigentum
Defeat of Hanno .......
Escape of the Carthaginian garrison under Hannibal
Historical value of the narrative ....
Extended designs of the Romans ....
PAGE
39
40
40
42
42
43
44
45
46
47
47
48
49
Second Period, 261-255 b.c. The first Roman fleet. MylcB.
Ecnomus. JRegulus in Africa.
Maritime supremacy of Carthage ...... 49
Determination of the Romans to cope with Carthage by .sea . 50
Late development of the Roman navy . . . . .51
The building of the fleet 52
Improbabilities of the story ....... 53
Composition of the Roman navy ...... 54
Capture of the fleet of Cn. Cornelius Scipio .... 55
Battle of Mylfß 55
Roman naval tactics . . . . . . . .57
Defeat of the Carthaginian.s . . . . . . .57
Relief of Segesta 58
Operations of Hamilcar 59
Destruction of Eryx by Hamilcar ..... 60
Victory of Hamilcar at Thermae 60
Renewed successes of tlie Romans . . . . .61
Expedition of Scipio to Corsica ...... (j2
Battle of Tvndaris . 64
Movements of the fleet under Regulus and Manlius Vulso . 65
Battle of Ecnomus . . . . . . . .65
Landing of the Romans on Carthaginian territory . . . ^)^
Ravages of the Roman army in Africa ..... 67
Exorbitant demands of Regulus as conditions of peace . . 69
Defeat of Regulus • . . . . . . .70
Victory of the Romans at the Hermrean promontory . . 71
Destruction of the Roman fleet off the coast of Sicily . . 72
Vlll
CONTENTS OF
Third Period, 254-250 b.c. The victory at Panormus
Capture of Panormus by Cn. Cornelius Scipio
Failure of the second Roman expedition to Africa
Exhaustion of both sides ....
Capture of Lipara by the Romans
Victory of the Romans at Panormus
Alleged mission of Carthaginian envoys to Rome
The story of Regulus .....
The silence of Polybius ....
Probable origin of the story
Fourth Period, 250-249 b.c. LilyhcBum and Drepana
Effects of the victory of Panormiis
Attack on Lilyba3um by the Romans .
Number of the besieging force ....
Duration of the siege ......
Modes of siege in ancient warfare
Obstinacy of the siege of Lilybasum
Movements of Adherbal and the Carthaginian fleet
Relief of Lilybseum by Hannibal ....
Unsuccessful attempt of Himilco to destroy the Roman works
Departure of Hannibal with his fleet
Capture of the Rhodian Hannibal
Distress of the garrison of Lily ba3um
Destruction of the Roman siege-works .
Perseverance of the Romans . . â– .
Their special difliculties .....
The winter blockade ......
Defeat of Claudius Pulcher at Drepana
Dictatorslii]) of A. Atilius Calatinus
Alleged ])r()faiiity of Claudius ....
Energy of the Carthaginians ....
Destruction of the Roman fleet and transport ships under
L. Junius .......
Seizure of the temple of the Erycinian Venus by the consul
JuiiiuH .......
Capture (jf-Iiiiiius ]>y tlu! Carthaginians
PAGE
73
73
75
76
76
78
78
80
80
81
82
83
83
84
85
86
86
87
88
88
89
89
89
90
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Fifth I'rriot/, 2I.S-241 B.C. Ilamilcar Barcas. Battle at the
ylCyatian Islands. Peace.
Ravage« of tlio ( Jarlhaginiaii fleet 97
Renewal of tlic alliaiic«' witli llicro ..... 99
THE SECOND VOLUME.
IX
Exchange of prisoners with Carthage .
Arrival of Ilamilcar Barcas ....
His treatment of tlie Gallic mercenaries
Operations of Ilamilcar ....
Occupation of Eryx by Hamilcar .
Sufferings of the Eoman allies
General impoverishment of the Roman state .
Tedious prolongation of the war .
Dispatch of Caius Lutatius Catulus with a fleet to Sicily
Defeat of the Carthaginians at the ^gatian Islands
Negotiations for peace .....
Position of the Romans at the close of the war
Embassies to Rome from foreign states .
Changes in the military institutions of Rome
Constitution of the Roman army .
Evil of annually elected generals .
The Roman navy .....
Constitution of the Carthaginian armies
The Carthaginian generals ....
Carthaginian inieriority at sea
Effect of the peace on the power of Carthage .
PAGK
99
99
100
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
106
107
107
108
110
110
112
112
114
114
115
CHAPTER IV.
THE WAR OP THE MEECENARIES, 241-238 B.C.
Revolt of the Carthaginian allies ....
Cause of the mutiny ......
Suppression of the mutiny .....
Conduct of the Romans .....
Revolt of the Carthaginian mercenaries in Sardinia
Interference of the Romans in Sardinia .
Surrender of Sardinia to the Romans ,
116
116
118
118
120
121
121
CHAPTER V.
THE WAR WITH THE GAULS, 225-222 B.C.
Destruction of Falerii .....
Gallic and Illyrian wars ....
Causes of the long inaction of the Gauls in Italy
The position of the Gallic tribes .
123
123
123
124
CONTENTS OF
Attack ou the colony of Arimiuum ....
Proposed extension of the colony .....
Agrarian law of Caius Flaminius .....
Conduct of the patricians to Flaminius ....
The great road of Flaminius .....
Movements among the Gallic tribes ....
Fears of the Eomans .......
March of the Gauls .......
Retreat of the Gauls from Clusium and battle of Telamon
Annihilation of the Gallic army .....
Devastation of the Boian territory by the consul yEmilius
Eesults of the battle of Telamon .....
Subjugation of the Insubrians .....
PAGE
124
125
126
127
127
127
128
129
129
131
132
133
134
CHAPTER VI.
THE FIKST ILLYKIAN WAR, 229-228 B.C.
Roman colonies on the Adriatic ...... 136
The pirates of Illyricum ....... 136
Roman embassy to Illyricum . . . . . .138
Successful Roman campaigns in Illyricum .... 139
CHAPTER VII.
THE SECOND ILLYRIAN AVAR, 219 B.C.
Alliance of Demetrius of Pharos with Antlgonus, king of
IMacedonia ......... 141
('a]iture of Pharos by TEmilius PauUus .... 141
Position of Rome after the Gallic and Illyriau Avars . . 142
CHAPTER VIII.
TIIK SKCOM) FUNIC OR HANNIBALIAN WAR, -JlS-üOl B.C.
FivKt Period. From the ber/innivf/ of the icar to the Lalite of
CaniKT', 218-216 b.c.
RoHults of tlic first Punic war .....
Eflbcts of tlie war on tlic internal constitution of Carthage
I'olicy of Ilaniilcar Barcas ......
I'h(fiiiciaii Hcttlt'iiicnts in Spain .....
IIa)ii(l [-rowlli of (Jartlia^Miiiaii ])(jwcr in Spain
143
143
145
115
116
THE SKGOND VOLUME.
XI
PAGE
Attitude of the Iloman state ...... 14G
Death of Hasdrubal 147
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barcas ..... 147
Hatred of the Romans for Hannibal . . . . .141)
Real position of Hannibal as a Carthaginian general . .150
Resources of Carthage . . . . . . .152
Policy of the Romans in delaying the renewal of the war . 153
Alliance of Saguntum with Rome . , . . .154
Preparations of Hannibal ....... 154
Importance of Saguntum . . . . . . .155
Roman embassy to Hannibal . . . . . .156
Siege of Saguntum by Hannibal . . . . . .156
Second embassy of the Romans to the Cartluiginians . . 157
Character of the second Punic war ..... 158
Growth of an Italo -Roman nation . . . . .159
Gain to the conquered tribes ...... 159
Bui'dens of the Roman allies . . . . . .160
Population of Italy 160
Naval power of the Romans and Carthaginians . . .161
Alliance of the Carthaginians with the Gauls . . .162
Expected revolt of the Italian allies , . . . .163
Attitude of the Macedonian government .... 164
Provisions of Hannibal for the defence of Spain and Africa . 1 64
March of Hannibal from New Carthage, 218 b.c. . . .165
Landing of a Roman army at Massilia . . . . .166
Inadequate preparations of the Romans . . . .166
Rising of the Boian Gaiils ....... 167
Additional Roman levies . . . . . . .167
Voyage and march of Scipio . . . . . .168
Boldness and wisdom of Hannibal's plan . . . .170
Hannibal and the AUobrogians ...... 171
Passage of the Alps .171
Geographical controversies . . . . . . .173
March to the Little St. Bernard . .... 173
Hostility of the mountaineers ...... 175
Treachery of the Gauls . . . . . . .176
Descent of the Alps . . . . . . . .176
Condition of Hannibal's army ...... 177
Hannibal and the Taurinians . . . . . .179
Alleged device of Hannibal for the encouragenicut of his
soldiers ........ . 180
March and defeat of Scipio . . . . . . .180
Passage of the Trebia ........ 181
Attitude of the Gallic tribes . . . . . .182
XU
CONTENTS OF
Movement of the Roman army to the left bank of the Trebia
Operations of Sempronius in Sicily
Zeal of King Hiero .....
Junction of Sempronius with Scipio
Preparations for the battle of the Trebia
Tactics of Hannibal .....
Defeat of the Romans .....
Retreat of Scipio to Placentia
Success and ability of Hannibal .
Effects of Hannibal's victory
Hannibal's treatment of his prisoners .
Winter operations of Hannibal
Unsuccessful attempt of Hannibal to cross the Apennines
Operations in Spain .....
Defeat of Hanno by Scipio ....
Alarm in the city of Rome on the tidings of Hannibal's victory
at the Trebia .....
Opposition to Flaminius ....
Efforts to prevent the re-election of Flaminius
Flaminius elected consul ....
Marches of the two consuls ....
Lliscalculation of the Romans
March of the Carthaginians ....
Movements of Hannibal towards Rome .
Movements of Flaminius ....
Reasons for the censures passed upon Flaminius
Charges brought against Flaminius
Disposition of Hannibal's forces .
'I'he battle of the Thrasymene lake
Dismay in the city of Rome on the tidings of the battle
Defeat of Centenius
Firnmcss of the Roman senate
Prodictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus .
Military measures of Fabius
Greatness of the emergency ....
Plans of Haimibal .....
The Cartliaginians in Picenum
Adojitif)!! of the Roman arms
iv.xultation at Carthage ....
The fidelity of the Roman allies .
Roman firmness ......
Ii'oman Icvie« ......
Tactics of Fabius in Aj)ulia
KvcIiIm ill r;ilii|(;uiia .....
PAGE
182
183
184
185
187
187
188
189
190
190
191
191
192
193
194
194
197
198
198
200
202
202
203
204
205
205
207
207
210
210
211
212
213
213
214
215
216
216
217
218
219
219
220
THE SECOND VOLUME.
PAGE
Dissatisfaction of the Komana with Fal)ius .... 222
The military power sliared eqriaUy between the dictator and
the master of the iiorse ...... 223
Defeat of Minucius ........ 224
Effects of the policy of Fabius 224
Spirit of the Roman senate ....... 225
Operations of Cn. Scipio in Spain . . . . .226
Dispatch of reinforcements for Spain ..... 227
Civil dissensions at Rome ....... 228
Enrolment of a new Roman army ...... 229
Question of supplies ........ 230
Position of the Roman army ...... 231
Defects of Roman military usage ...... 231
Movements of the consul jEmilius ..... 232
State of feeling in Rome ....... 233
The battle-field of Cannaj 234
Disposition of the Carthaginian army ..... 235
Defeat of the Roman cavalry ...... 236
Destruction of the Roman infantry ..... 236
Capture of the Roman camps ...... 237
Effects of the battle of Canute 238
Causes assigned by popular writers for the Roman defeat . 239
The Roman allies ........ 240
Disposition of Hannibal toAvards the Romans . . .240
Danger of the Roman city . . . . . . .241
Precautions of the senate ....... 241
Military measures for carrying on the war .... 242
Second Period. From the battle of Canna.' to the Revolution
in Syracuse, 216-215 b.c.
Position of Hannibal in Italy ...... 244
The histories of Polybius ....... 244
Religious ceremonies at Rome ...... 246
Drain of the war on the population of Italy .... 247
New levies of the dictator M. Junius Pera .... 249
Refusal of the Romans to ransom the prisoners taken at Canna; 249
Roman slanders against Hannibal . . . . . . 251
Position of Hannibal after the battle of Cannai . . . 253
Reasons for Hannibal's hesitation to march upon Rome . . 254
Policy of Hannibal ........ 254
Overtures of Hannibal to the Roman allies .... 255
Fidelity of the allies to Rome 255
Revolts in Bruttium and Campania ..... 256
Change in the character of the war 257
XIV
CONTENTS OF
Eesolution of the Carthaginians to reinforce Hannibal
The Avar in Spain .....
Further revolts among the Eoman allies
Condition of Capua .....
Disposition of the plebeians of Capua towards Hannibal
Eevolt of Capua, Atella, and Calatia
The resistance of Decius Magius to Hannibal
Story of Pacuvius Calavius ....
Occupation of Nola by the prastor Marcellus .
Occupation of Nuceria and Acerr^e by Hannibal
Siege of Casilinum .....
Prospects of the war .....
Hannibal's Italian allies ....
Defeat of Hasdrubal at Ibera in Spain .
State of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily
Defeat of Postumius Albinus in Cisalpine Gaul
Further revolts of Eoman allies in Bruttium
Sojourn of Hannibal in Capua
Operations in Campania, 215 b.c.
Defeat of the Carthaginians at lUiturgi and Intibili in Sp?
215 B.c
Success of the Eomans in Sardinia
Alliance of Philip of Macedonia with Hannibal
Mistaken policy of Philip ....
Third Period. The War in Sicilij, 215
Death of Hiero, king of Syracuse
Character of Hiero's reign ....
Eelations of Hiero with Eome and Carthage .
Effects of Eoman supremacy in Sicily .
Ee-constitution of the Eoman senate
Financial difliculties .....
Financial mea.sures .....
Commission of the year 21G b.c. .
Sumptuary laws ......
Amount of the Eoman levies
Eecovory of Casilinum, and repulse of Hannibal a
Eevolution in Sicily .....
Negotiations b(!twfeu IIannil)al and Hieronymus
Eepublican rcactir)n in Syracuse .
Death of Hieronymus .....
Surrender of Ortygia by Andranodoros.
Massacre of the fiimily (if II icro .
212 B.c.
Nol
PACE
257
258
258
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
•265
267
267
268
269
271
271
272
273
275
276
276
278
280
281
282
284
285
288
289
289
290
290
291
292
293
294
294
295
296
THE SECOND VOLUME.
XV
Counter revolution in Syracuse ....
Triumph of the Carthaprinian party at Syracuse
INIarch of Marcellus to Syx'acuse ....
Military resources of Syracuse ....
Failiu-e of the attempts of IMarcellus to storm Syracuse
Carthaginian operations in Sicily ....
Massacre of the inhabitants of Enna by L. Pinarius
Eesults of the massacre .....
Siege of Syracuse by Marcellus ....
Anarchy in Syracuse ......
Treachery of Mericus ......
Fall and sack of Syracuse .....
PAGE
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
309
310
310
Fourth Period. From the talcing of Syracuse to the
capture of Capua ^ 212-211 b.c.
Surrender of Agrigentum by Mutines, and complete sul^jugation
of Sicily " . 313
Events in Spain and Africa . . . . . . .314
Employment of mercenaries in Spain ..... 316
Defeat and death of the ScijDios . . . . . .316
Operations of Hannibal in southern Italy . . . .318
Dishonesty of Roman contractors . . . . . .319
Trial of M. Posturaius Pyrgensis . . . . . .319
Condemnation of Postumius and his accomplices . . . 320
Eoman civic morality ........ 321
Growth of superstition in Rome . . . . . .321
Levying of new legions ....... 322
Surrender of Tarentum to Hannibal ..... 323
Proclamation of Hannibal to the Tarentines . . . 324
Siege of the citadel of Tarentum ...... 325
Alliance of other Greek cities Avith Hannilml . . . 326
Roman designs against Capua ...... 326
Condition of Capua . . . . . . . .327
Request of the Capuans to Hannibal for supplies . . . 328
Capture of the convoys for Capua by the Romans . , . 328
Defeat and death of Sempronius Gracchus . . . .329
Total defeat of Fulvius in Apulia ...... 330
Relative position of Hannibal and the Romans . , . 330
Resolution of the Roman people ...... 331
Siege of Capua . . . . . . . . .331
Resistance of the Capuans ....... 332
Internal condition of Capua ....... 333
Attempts of Hannibal to relieve Capua .... 333
iNIarch of Hannibal towards Rome .... - 335
XVI
CONTENTS OF
Dismay of the Romans
Measures of the senate
Eetreat of Hannibal irom Eome .
Fall of Capua ....
Treatment of Capua by the Romans
Execution of Capuans at Rome
Explanation of Roman policy
Change in the character of the war
Dispatch of Roman reinforcements to Spain
Early life of Publius Cornelius Scipio .
Family influence of the Scipios in Rome
Character of Scipio ....
Departure of Scipio for Spain
Plans of Scipio .....
Siege and capture of New Carthage
Roman regulations for the sack of towns
Disposal of the booty ....
Plunder of New Carthage .
Personal anecdotes of Scipio
Effects of the fall of New Carthage
Disposition of the Italian towns .
Difliculties of Hannibal's position
Betrayal ol" Salapia to Marcellus .
Defeat of Cn. Fulvius Centumalus at Herdonea
Destruction of Herdonea by Hannibal .
Operations of Marcellus
Defeat of the Roman fleet by the Tarentines
Pressure of the war on the Romans
Refusal of twelve Latin colonies to contribute men and
for the war .....
Seriousness of the crisis
Fidelity of the remaining eighteen Latin colonics .
Roman preparations for the re-conquest of Tarentum
Of)(:rations of Fabius and Marcellus
C!;iptiirn (A' the Roman army before Caulonia by Hannil
lictruyul of Tarentum to tlic Romans .
Position of Hannibal after tlic fall of Tarentum
Fifth consulship (if Marcil his ....
Death of Marcellus ......
Character and ability of Marcellus
Source of tlic exaggerations in the story of Marcellus
money
PAOB
336
337
338
340
341
343
345
Fifth Period. From the fall of Capua to the battle on the
Metaurus, 211-207 b.c.
346
346
347
348
350
351
351
352
354
354
354
356
357
358
358
358
359
360
360
361
362
363
363
364
366
367
367
368
369
370
371
371
374
THE SECOND VOLUME
XVll
I'AtiE
lu'iising of the siege of Locri ...... 875
Prospects of the Romans 375
Discontent in Etruria 37G
Events in Spain ......... 378
Battle of Ba?cula and march of Hasdrubal . . . .379
Anxiety in liome . . . . . . . . 3<S1
Military measiires of the Romans ..... 383
Consulship of C. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator . 383
Ilasdrubal's march through Gaul ...... 385
Movements of Hannibal ....... 386
Capture of the messengers of Hasdrubal .... 387
March of Nero 388
Battle of the Metaurus 389
Effect of the victory on the Romans ..... 391
Plans of Hannibal 393
Triumjih of the consuls . . . . . . .393
Sixth Period. From the battle on the Metmiriis to the taking
ofLocri, 207-205 b.c.
Character of Carthaginian and Roman conquests in Spain . 394
Alleged exploits of Scipio in Spain . • . . . . 396
Popularity of Scipio in Spain ...... 397
Magnificence and power of Scipio ..... 399
Capture of Oringis by the Romans ..... 400
Second battle of Btecula ....... 401
Overtures of Masinissa to Scipio ...... 401
Relations of Scipio with Syphax ...... 402
Alleged meeting of Scipio with Syphax .... 403
Story of the funeral games at New Carthage . . . 404
Storming of Illiturgi ........ 405
Destruction of Astapa ........ 406
Illness of Scipio and mutiny of troops ..... 406
Defeat of Mandonius and Indibilis ..... 407
FallofGades . . . 407
Significance of the battle of the Metaurus .... 409
Policy of Philip of Macedon . . . . . .409
Condition of the Greek states ...... 410
League between the vEtolians and the Romans . . .411
Effects of the league with the iE tolians . . . .412
War between the /Etolians and Philip of Macedonia . . 412
Return of Scipio to Rome ....... 414
Debates on the expedition to Africa . . . . .415
Position of Hannibal 417
Compromise between Scipio and the senate .... 417
VOL. II. a
CONTENTS OF
Voluntary contributions for the Meet and army of Scipio
State of the Roman troops .......
Surprise and capture of Locri ......
Atrocities of the Roman soldiers after the capture of Locri
Measui-es of the Roman senate and people on the complaints
of the Locrians ...
Preparations of Scipio for the descent on Africa
Expedition of Mago from xMinorca
Embarkation of Scipio at Lilybseum
Landing of Scipio in Africa
Seventh Period. The War in Africa to the Conclusion of
Peace, 204-201 b.c.
PAGE
418
419
420
421
Character of tlie war in Africa
Plans of Scipio .....
Siege of Utica .....
Vigorous resistaaice of the Uticans
Alliance of Masinissa with Scipio
Destruction of the African camps
Defeat of Hasdi-ubal and Syphax .
Capture of Syphax by Masinissa .
Defeat of Scipio's fleet by the Carthaginians
Negotiations for peace ....
Conditions of the armistice .
Reception of the Carthaginian ambassadors at Rome
Recall and death of Mago
Relations of Hannibal with the king of Maced
The bronze tablets of Hannibal .
Slanderous charges against Hannibal .
Recall of Hannibal from Italy
Landing of Hannibal at Leptis
Failure of the peace negotiations .
Shipwreck of a Roman convoy in the liay of Carth
Operations of Hannibal against Masinissa
The so-called battle of Zama
Disposition of the opposing forces,
Tlie order of the Roman legions .
C()nii)k!te defeat of tlic Carthaginians
licturn of llamiilial to Carthage .
I'olicy of Scipio .....
State of parties in Carthage
'I'l-rniH oC peace .....
'J'rufC! for three nionlhs
.loy ill Rcme on the tidings of Scipio's victojy
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