Geology of the counties of England and of North and South Wales online

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LSBRAR

UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA



EARTH

SCIENCES

UBRARY



GEOLOGY



COUNTIES OF ENGLAND



NOETH AND SOUTH WALES.



W. JEROME HARRISON, F.G.S.,

SCIENCE DEMONSTRATOR FOIt THE BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL-BOARD ; LATJE CUKATOtt
LKICK&TKR TOWN MTSRUM ;

AUTHOR OF '' A MANUAL OK PRACTICAL GEOLOGY," ETC., ETC.



LONDON :
KELLY & CO., 51. GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, W.C.

AND

SLMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., STATIONERS' HALL COURT, E.C.

MDCCCI.XXX1I.



EARTH

SCIENCES

LIBRARY



KELLY & CO., PRINTERS,

'28, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, LONDON, W.C. ; AM>
MIDDLE MILL. KFNGSTOX-ON-THAMES.



PREFACE.



IN this book I have endeavoured to give, with as much
detail as was consistent with clearness, a description of the
geological structure of England and Wales.

The main object at which I have aimed, has been to enable
any person, albeit little skilled in the science of geology, to
readily ascertain the nature of the rocks of any part of the
country in which he may dwell, through which he may be
travelling, or respecting which he may need information.

I have, accordingly, made this book a geographical geology.
Considering that every Englishman knows fairly well the
position of the counties generally, while with his own county
he is usually very familiar, I have written a separate account
of the geology of each county.

Taking the principal rock-masses, or geological formations
in turn, I have traced the strata more or less minutely through
each county, indicating the position and direction of the beds
by naming the towns and villages situated upon the respective
divisions of the rocks. An account of the nature, thickness,
and characteristic fossils of each stratum is given, together
with its economic products, its influence on the scenery of the
district, and its value (if any) as a water-bearing bed.

By the use of the Index each geological formation may be
tracked throughout England, and its development and nature
in one county compared with the conditions under which it
occurs in any other: as a rule, each rock-bed has been
described most fully in the county in which it occupies the
largest area and is best displayed.

M12S096



PREFACE.

I have prefixed to the geological description of each county
lists of (1) its scientific societies, (2) its museums, (3) the
maps and books of the Geological Survey referring to the
county, (4) the more important books and papers written
respecting its rocks by private workers. Altogether, I have
given in this way the names of about 11)0 societies, 140
museums, and about 700 titles of books, papers, &c. It will
give some idea of the quantity of geological work which has
been done by private individuals in England, when I state
that I have consulted in the preparation of this book more
than 4,000 papers, memoirs and pamphlets, mostly published
in the transactions, journals, &c., of the various learned and
local societies during the present century.

Although, as (late) Curator of the Leicester Town Museum,
and as Secretary to the Midland Union of Scientific Societies,
I have had special facilities for the compilation of the above
lists, I feel that they must necessarily be incomplete, and I
would earnestly ask for correction and assistance from all
who are interested in the progress of geology.

Many of the articles in this book have already appeared
in print as part of the local topographies in the Post Office
Directories of the Counties, published by Messrs. Kelly <fc Co.,
who are also the publishers of this work.

It was, indeed, the interest excited by the articles in this
form, as shown by the very numerous letters of enquiry on
geological subjects, which were received after the publication
of the Directory for any single county, that led to the com-
pletion of the work, and its issue in its present form.

To Mr. E. R. Kelly I w^ould tender my sincere thanks for
the personal interest which he has shown in this book, and for
the great pains which he has taken to help me in its prepara-
tion. '

A preliminary list of text-books, &c., on geology will
be found at p. xxv., including such as should, at least, be



PHKFACK.

possessed by every public library; few provincial libraries,
however, contain even those here enumerated, and the want
of books of reference is a great hindrance to country
workers.

I have received help from many quarters, which it is my
duty gratefully to acknowledge. Having had occasion to
consult every map which has been drawn, and ever}' line that
has been written by the officers of the Geological Survey of
England, I wish to bear special testimony to the high value,
thorough accuracy, and the immense painstaking, evinced by
their work ; to the Director- General of the Survey Professor
Ramsay I am indebted for the kind permission to copy from
the published memoirs of the Survey nearly all the sections
which illustrate this book ; sections which are especially
valuable since they have in all cases been drawn and measured
on the spot, and are records of facts and not of theories. The
cuts of flint implements are copied from Mr. John Evans's
great work u The Ancient Stone Implements of Great
Britain," and those of fossils from Professor Nicholson's
equally unique book on Palaeontology.

Many geologists have personally aided me, and I would
heartily thank Messrs. W. Whitaker, H. B. Woodward,
T. Davidson, W. Adams (of Cardiff), E. B. Marten (of
Stourbridge), C. Moore, B. Allport, John Evans, Grenville
Cole, E. Wilson (of Nottingham), Professors Judd, Rupert
Jones and Lebour, the Rev. P. B. Brodie, and the Rev.
H. AV. Crosskey, for the readiness with which they have at
all times afforded me help and information. I would also
thank the hundreds of local geologists whose papers I have
read, and whose labours I have utilized ; their individual
work is, I trust, in each case recognized in connection with
the county to which their discoveries refer.

To the Council of the Geological Society I am indebted
for the loan of the blocks for Figs. 55 and 56, originally



PREFACE.

drawn to illustrate my paper on the Rhaetic Beds in their
" Quarterly Journal."

The compilation of this book has occupied my leisure time
for a long period, but if it be found a handy work of geological
reference by the general enquirer, and also prove useful to
the local student by showing him what is known of his
district, and where to go for further information, the objects
which I had in view in writing it will have been fully attained.

W. JEROME HARRISON.

Birmingham, Nov., 1881.



CONTENTS.



INTRODUCTION i

LEARNED SOCIETIES . . .' . ..... . . xxii

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM . .. . xxiv

GEOLOGICAL BOOKS AND PAPERS (GENERAL LIST) xxv

GEOLOGY OF

BEDFORDSHIRE i

BERKSHIRE 7

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE . . . , . . . . . . . . 14

CAMBRIDGESHIRE . . 20

CHESHIRE . 29

CORNWALL - 37

CUMBERLAND 45

DERBYSHIRE 55

DEVONSHIRE . 61

DORSETSHIRE 71

DURHAM So

ESSEX . . . . . . ... . . . . . " 86

GLOUCESTERSHIRE . ... . ... . - 92

HAMPSHIRE ... 99

ISLE OF WIGHT . 105

HEREFORDSHIRE "4

HERTFORDSHIRE 120

HUNTINGDONSHIRE . 125



CONTENTS.
KKNT .............. I29

LANCASHIRE .........

LEICESTERSHIRE ......... I5I

LINCOLNSHIRE



....... l6

MIDDLESEX .......

MONMOUTHSHIRE ........ g

NOHFOLK

183

NORTH AMITONSHIRK

...... J 93

NOHTHUMBEHLANI)

199

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
OXFOKDSHIKE

232

KUTLANi)

..... 2] 7

SHROPSHIKE

221

SOMEKSETSHIKE

...... 229

STAKl-'OHDSHIKE

...... 239

SUFFOLK

...... 2 49

........ 258

SUSSEX

263

\VAKWICKSHIHE

........ 269

tVKSTMOKLANJ)

275

W1LTSHIKE

282



YOHKSHIHK-EAST KiDIXG ...... 2gS

NORTH JMDINCr ....... 3O4

V\'EST HIDING ......

NOi{'l > H U'ALES

322

SOUTH MALES

334

APPKXDJX (GLOSSARY OK GEOLOCJK'AL TERMS) ... 343



INDEX.



Adams, W., 340.

A^assiz, Prof., 331.

Ait ken, J., 150.

Allport, ., 37, 151, 221, 222, 270.

Alluvial deposits. 182.

Alluvium. 118, 174, 211, 216.

Alum shales, 307.

Ammonites. 73.

Ammonite zones, 300.

Andrews, W., 270.

Andrews. Rev. W. H., 282.

Annelid burrows, 336.

Aiming. Miss M., 73.

Anstie. John, 93, 228.

Anthracite, 65, 340.

Anticlinal curve, x.

Aqueous rocks, iv.

Arenaceous rocks, iv.

Arenig slates, 46.

Arenig beds. 223. 326, 337.

Argillaceous rocks, iv.

Arvonian formation. 324. 336.

Ash-beds, 153. 326.

Atherfield clay. 100, 107, 132, 259.

'265.

At they, T. 205.

Austen, R. A. C. Godwin, 62, 175, 264.
Austin, T., 92.
Aveline, W. T., 45, 139, 151, 193,207,

209. 275.
Aymestry limestone, 117, 179. 225,

241.^294.

Baggy and Marwood beds, 63.
Bagshot beds, n, 78, 88,103. IIQ -

137, 173. 261, 289.
Baker, J. G., 304.
Bala beds. 224, 326, 337.
Bala limestone, 278.
Banks, R. W., 114.
Bannisdale slates, 141, 278, 312.
Barkas, T. P., 205.
Burr limestone, 241.
Barrett, L., 21.
Barrois, C., 109.
Barton beds, 103, in.
Basalt. 20 1, 226, 246.
Bate, C. 8.. 80.
Bat eman, T., 248. 309.
Bath oolite, 214, 236, 284.



Ballerina n, H. I, 14.

Bayneld. T. G., 188. '

Beale. C. 239.

Beche, Sir H. de la, 38, 6 1, 217, 228,

229 ; 334-

Beckles. S. H., 76, 264.
BKDI-OKDSHIKE. I.
Beesley, T., 213.
Belt, T., 38, 184.
Belemnites, 197.
Bellamy, J. C., 322.
Bembridge beds, in.
Bensted. W. H., 132.
BKKKSIIIKE, 7.
Bernician beds, 81, 202.
Be van, Dr., 340.
Bey rich. Prof.. 112.
Binney.E. W., 30, 45, 140, 311, 315.
Bird, C. ; 45, 311.
Blackmore, Dr. H. P., 282.
Blake, Prof. J. 1\, xxviii. ; 21, 71, 163,

283, 300, 304, 306, 338.
Blue John (fluor spar), 56.
Blown sand, 190.
Bognor beds, 78, 103, 1 10, 267.
Bolckow & Vaughan, Messrs., 306.
Bolton, J.. 45.

Bone beds, 95, 96. 117, 225. 273, 316.
Bonney, Prof. T. G., xxviii., 20. 23..

151. 239, 276, 323.
Books, list of geological, xxv.
Boot, J. T., 207.
Borings, 90, 137, 147, 154, 155, 166,

169, 173- 175, 187,211,213,233,

250, 264, 273, 306.
Borings in Herts, 123.
Borrowdale series, 47, 141, 276.
Boulder clay. 36. 89, 1 1 8. 123, 127,

148, 160, 169. 174. 190. 197,205,

220. 227, 255. 297, 303. 319.
Box stones. 253.
Bradford clay, 236, 285.
Brady. 'H. B., 81.

Bracklesham bed*, 11, 103, in, 267.
Brandon beds, 255.
Breccia, 295.
Breccias, 226.
Brick-earth, 90, 137.
Brine, 296.



INDEX.



Bristow, H. W., 72, 105, 232.

British Association, xxii.

British fossils, xiv.

Broekenhurst series, 103.

Brockram, 52, 280.

Bronze age, 28.

Brodie, Rev. P. B., 14, 29, 114, 151,

269, 270.

Brown, R., xxviii.
Brown, J., 86.
Brown, T. F., 334.
Browne, A., 9, 105.
Browne, A. J. Jukes, xxviii, 3, 20,

25, 163-

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, 14.
Buckman, Prof. J., 71, 74, 228, 238,

285.

Buckland, Dr., 188, 212, 309.
Budleigh Salterton pebbles, 66.
Bunlmry, C. J., 184.
Bunbury, Sir C., 192.
Bunter sandstone, 33, 59, 66, 96, 147,

155, 209, 226, 234, 247, 272, 295,

306, 319, 330.

Bure Valley beds, 189, 255.
Buried forests, 27.
Burns, D., 206.
Burtle beds, 237.
Burton, F. M., 163.
Bury, W., 285.
Busk, Prof.. 321
Cainozoic rocks, xvii.
Calcareous rocks, iv.
Calciferous sandstone series, 8l.
Calcite, iii.
Callaway, Dr. C., 114, 221, 222, 223,

323.
Cambrian formation, 115, 223, 293,

324, 336.

Cambridge greensand, 24.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE, 20.
Cannel coal, 145.
Caradoc beds (see Bala beds).
Carruthers, W., 286.
Carstone, 23, 100, 186, 266.
Carboniferous formation, 40, 51, 65,

81,95, Il8 : 42, 153, 180, 202,

225, 231, 241, 270, 279, 294, 305,

312, 329, 339.
Carboniferous limestone, 30, 51, 56,

65,95, n8, 142, 153, 180, 225,

231,243, 279, 313,330. 339- '
Caverns, 69, 231, 309, 321, 332, 341.
Cephalopoda bed, 236.
Chalk, 3, 9, 18, 77, 87, 101, 108, 121,

132, 169, 173, 187,215, 237,250,

260, 266, 288, 301.
Chalk marl, 3, 24, 67, 77, 101, 109,

121, 187, 266, 288.



Chalk rock, 4, 9, 18, 25, 77, 109, 121,

215, 251, 288.
Chalky boulder clay, 26.
Champernowne, A., 62, 64, 228, 232.
Charlesworth, E., 249.
Charnwood Forest rocks, 152.
Chert, 306.
CHESHIRE, 29.

Chillesford beds, 89, 189, 255.
Chines, 107.
Chloritic marl, 77, 101, 108, 237,

266, 288.

Clarke, Rev. W. B., 183.
Clough, C. T., 80.
Clunch, 214.

Clutterbuck, Rev. J. C., 120, 172, 177.
Coal (how formed), 144, 204.
Coal measures, 32, 52, 58, 65, 81, 82,

95, 144, 154, 181, 204, 208, 225,

231, 232, 243, 270, 294, 3 I 5 ? 3i6,

330, 340.

Coal mines (deep), 145.
Codrington, T., 99, 105.
Colchester, W., 253.
Collins, J. H., 37, 38.
Collyweston slates, 167, 195, 219.
Condamine, Rev. H. M. de la, 125.
Conglomerates, 279.
Coniston flags, 278.
Coniston grits, 141.
Coniston limestone, 141, 277, 312.
Copper, 42.
Copper ore, 327.
Coprolites, 3, 17, 18, 23,24, 89, 121,

254, 260.
Corder, H., 86.
Coralline crag, 89, 254.
Coral rag, 2, 8, 16, 22, 75, 127, 215,

237, 286, 301, 309.
Cornbrash, 2, 15, 74, 97, 126, 167,

196, 214, 220, 237, 285.
Cornstones, 118, 180, 225.
Gotham marble, 96, 234.
Crag beds, 189.
Cretaceous formation, 2, 67, 76, 87,

101, 108, 120, 168, 187, 215, 237,

250, 260, 266, 287, 301.
Crofton, Rev. A., 276.
Cromlechs, 333.
Cross, Rev. J. E., 163.
Crust of the Earth, vii.
Cucullea zone, 63.
Culm. 40.

Culm measures, 65.
CUMBERLAND, 46.
Curley, T., 118
Dakyns, J. R., 310.
Dalton, W. H., 86, 314.
Damon, R., 71.



I5DEX.



Darbishire, E. D., 54.

Davidson, T., xxviii., 62, 221.

Davies, D. C., 226, 322.

Davies. W., 129, 287.

Davis, J. W.,3ii, 316.

Davis, L., 325.

Dawkins, Prof.W. B., 30, 55, 184, 234,

238, 249, 264.
Day, E. C. H., 71.
Delabeche, Sir H. (see Beche, Sir

H. de la).

Denbighshire grits, 329.
Denudation, xi., 191, 331.
De Ranee, C. E. (see Ranee, C. E. de).
DERBYSHIRE, 55.
Devonian formation, 39, 63, 117,

230., 231.
DEVONSHIRE, 61.
Dewstone, 295.
Diabase, 291.
Diatoms, 137.
Dickenson, P., 32.
Dickinson, J., 140, 145.
Dimetian formation, 324, 336.
Diorite, 270, 271.
Dip, ix.
Dogger, 308.
Dolerite, 154, 246.
Dolomite, 153, 318.
Dolomitic conglomerate, 96, 181,

234, 340.

Downes, Rev. W., 70.
Downton sandstones, 94, 117, 225.
Drew, F., 129.
Drift, 4, 19, 25, 36, 43, 53, 60, 65,

85, 89, 98, 112, 118, 123, 127,

148, 1 60, 169, 174, 190, 197, 205,

211, 216, 217,220,227, 247, 255,

274, 280, 289, 297, 309.
Druid stones, 289.
Duncan, Prof. P. M., xxviii. 62.
Dunes, 44, 85, 149.
D'Urban, W. S. M., 62.
DURHAM, 80.
Dykes, 309.
EAST RIDING, 298.
Eccles, J., 142.

Egerton, Sir P. G. M., 29, 71, 221.
Elements, ii.
Elvans, 41, 68.
Eocene formation, 10, 19, 78, 88,

102, IIO, 122. 133, 188,216,251,

261, 266, 289.
Erratics, 148, 160, 162. 169. 220, 247,

267, 281.
Eskers, 281.

Etheridge, R., xxviii. ,61, 64.65.92,282.
Ettingshausen, Baron von, 129.
P>ans, C., 99, 258.



Evans, J., 5, 19, 124, 128, 150, 176,

198, 216, 238, 297.
Evans, J. R, 322.
Eyton, Miss, 227.
Falconer, Dr. H., 71, 341.
Farewell rock, 231.
Farrer, J., 314.

Faults, vii., 84, 146, 154, 205, 313.
Feather-edge coal, 31.
Felspar, iii.

Fen beds, 26, 128, 169. 190, 256.
Fergusson, Jas., 291.
Firestone, 260.

Fisher, Rev. O., 20, 71, 105, in, 184.
Fish& insect Iimestones,i59,i66,235.
Fitton, Dr. W. H.,2I7
Fitch, R., 184.
Flint workings, 192.
Flint implements (see Prehistoric

Man).

Flower, J. W., 184, 249.
Flower, Prof. W. H., 249.
Fluvio marine crag, 189.
Fluor spar, iii.

Folkestone beds, 100, 132, 260, 265.
Foraminifera, 289.
Forbes, D., 187.
Forbes, E., 105.
Foreland sandstones, 63, 230.
Forest bed, 189, 255.
Forest marble, 15, 74, 97, 196, 214,

236, 285.
Forster, W., 202.
Foster, C. Le Neve, 38, 62.
Fossils, study of, xiii.
Fossils, classification of, xv.
Fossils, use of, xvi.
Fossil plants, xvi.
Fossils, how to name, xvii.
Fox, Col. Lane, 172, 176, 216. 267.
Fox, Rev. W., 106.
Fuller's Earth, 74, 97, 236, 260. 284.
Gabbro, 41.

Ganister beds, 58, 81, 144, 203, 316.
Ganoid fishes, 117.
Gardner, J. S., 67, 99.
Gault, 3,8, 18, 23, 67, 76, 101, 108, 121,

132, 186, 215, 237, 260.266. 287.
Geikie, Prof. A., 322.
Geikie, Dr. J., 200.
Geological Society, xxii.
Geological Survey, xviii., xxvi.
Geologist's Association, xxii., 172.
Geology, objects of, ii.
George, E. S., 311
Glacial deposits, 174, 190, 341.
Glacial Period, 53, 118, 123, 148, 169.

205, 280, 297, 319, 331.
Glass, Rev. N., 178.



INDKX.



Glauconite, 24, 108.

Gold, 325, 338.

Goodehild, J. G., 275.

Granite, 40, 68, 152.

Grantham, R. B., 184.

Graptolites, 326.

Grauwacke, 39. 323.

Great Oolite, 2, 15, 74, 97, 126, 167,

196, 214, 220, 236, 284.
Green, Prof. A. H., I, 14, 46, 55, 139,

143, 212, 239, 243, 310, 316.
Greenstone, 40.

Greenwell, Canon, 192, 206, 309.
Grey-wethers, 12, 79, 104, 261, 289.
Grindrod, Dr., 114, 294.
Gunn, Rev. J., 183, 188, 190, 249.
Gunn, J., 249.
Gunn, W., 80.
Gurney, Miss. 190
Gypsum, iii, 60, 155, 209, 264.
Hall, T. M., 61.62..
Hampshire Basin, 289.
Hangman grits, 63, 230
Harbottle grits, 203.
Harkness, Prof., 45, 275, 334.
Harlech beds, 325
Harmer, F. W., xxviii, 184, 249.
Harris,. W. H., 335.
Harrison, P., 268.

Harrison, W. J., 151, 172, 217, 293.
Haslingden flags. 31.
Hastings beds, 76, 131, 259, 265, 287.
Hawkes, W., 239.
Hay Fell flags, 278.
Headon beds, 103, in.
Heer, 0., 62.
Hempstead beds, 1 1 1 .
Henwood, W. J., 37.
Henslow, Prof., 255.
Herman, W. D., 193.
Herefordshire, 1 14.
Herries, W. H., 7.
Hertfordshire, 120.
Hessle beds, 303.
Hicks, Dr. H., 322, 323, 324, 325, 335,

336.

High-level gravels, 112.
Hill gravels, 190.
Hill, Rev. E., 151.
Hoare, Sir R. C., 289.
Hodgson, Miss K., 46
Holloway, W. H.. 164.
Holmes, T. V., 46, 311.
Holl, H. B., 37, 61, 115, 292.
Homfray, 326.

Hollybush sandstone, 115, 223,293.
Holstone (boulder), 162.
Hopkinson, J., 120, 334.
Horses, 95.



Howell, H. H., i, 80, 151.
Houghton, F. T. S., 276.
Howorth, H. H., xxviii.
Hudleston, W. H., xxviii., 14,21,72,

283, 304, 308.
Hughes, T. 5lcK., 120, 275, 311, 321,

323-

Hulke, J. W., 71.
Hull, Prof. K., i, 14, 29, 92, 139, 140,

145, 151, 179, 212,239,243,247.
Hunstanton limestone, 168.
Hutton, W., 200.
Hunt, R., 42.

HuNTINGDOlfSIIIKE, 125.

Huxley, Prof. T. H., 269

Hyperodapedon, 66.

Hythe beds, 100, 132, 259, 265.

Ibbetson, Capt., 106.

Ichthyosaurus, 73.

Igneous rocks, iv, 40, 50, 67, 84, 200,

246, 279.

Ilfracombe slates, 63, 230.
Inferior oolite, 73, 97, 125, 195, 214,

236, 273, 284, 297.
Inghoe grits, 203.
Inliers, 101, 122, 179, 214, 243.
Ingram, Rev. A. H. W., 270
Insect limestone, 297.
Iron ore, 52, 131, 142, 165, 168, 180,

195, 213, 265, 286.
Ironstone, 307.
Irving, Rev. A., 207, 21 1.
ISMS OF WIGHT, 105.
Jackson, - 321.
Jenkinson, H. I., 46.
Jenkinson, Rev. M, 203.
Jet, 307.

Jones, Prof. Rupert, 7, 55, 221, 263.
Jordan, T. B., 172.
Jiuld, Prof. J. W., 99, 103, 105, 112,

125, 151, 159, 163, 196, 202,217,

273- 299, 301.

Jukes, Prof. J. B., 61, 64, 151, 231.
Kaims, 205.
Kaolin, 43
Keeping, H., 105.
Keeping, W., 17, 23, 286, 335.
Kella way's rock, 2, 1 6, 75, 126, 1 68,

285, 309.

Ketton freestone, 220.
Kendall, J. I)., 45, 46.
Kentish rag, 132, 259.
KENT, 129.
Keuper beds, 33, 34, 54, 60, 66, 96,

147, 155, 164, 181,209,226, 234,

247, 272, 296, 299, 306.
Killas, 40, 69.
Kimmeridge clay, 2, 8, 16, 22, 75,

127, 168, 1 86, 215, 286, 301,309.



INDEX.



Kinahau, G. H., 71.

Kinderscout grit, 31, 143.

King, C. C., 7.

King, Prof. W., 8 1.

Kirkby, J. W., 80.

Kirkby Moor flags, 278.

Kirshaw, 296.

Kirwan, Rev. R., 70.

Labyrinthodon, 210, 272.

Lamplugh, G. W., 298.

LANCASHIRE, 139.

Lancaster, J., 207.

Landscape limestone, 96, 234.

Landslips, 70, 78.

Langley, A. A., 322.

Lankester, E. R., 249.

Lapworth, C., 334.

Laurentian formation, 115.

Lanrentian Period, 293.

Lavis, H. J. J., 62.

Lay ton, J., 189.

Lead, 42.

Lead Ore, 52, 56, 81, 82, 203, 277, 305.

Learned Societies, xxii.

Lebour, Prof. G. A., 34, 46, 81, 199,

203, 206, 276.
Lee, J. E., 62, 64, 178, 225.
Lees, F. A., 311.
LEICESTERSHIRE, 151.
Lias, 15, 36, 52, 67, 72, 96, 159, 164,

181, 194, 2ii, 213, 218,227. 235,
' 247, 273, 283, 296, 300, 306, 341.
Lignite, 67.
Limestone shales, 231.
LINCOLNSHIRE, 163.
Lincolnshire limestone, 126, 159, 167,

196, 219, 301.
Linchets, 288.

Lingula flags. 223, 325, 336.
Lister, Rev. W., 239.
Llanberis Beds. 325.
Llandeilo (lower) beds. 223.
Llandeilo (upper) beds. 223.
Llandeilo flags, 326. 337.
Llandovery (upper) beds, 94, 116.

224. 241. 294. 335. 338.
Llandovery (lower) beds, 328.
London Basin, 261, 289,
London clay, II, 19, 78, 88, 102, 103,

no, 123, 137, 173, 216, 252, 261,

267, 289.
Longe, F. D., 93.
Longmynd rocks. 223.
Lonsdale W., 40.
Lower Cretaceous Formation (see

Neocomian).
Lower Greensand, 2, 8, 17, 23, 76,

100, 107, 127, 131, 186,215,259,

265, 287.



Lubbock. Sir J., 289.

Lucas, J., 129.

Ludlow Beds, 94, 116. 179, 225,
338.

Luxullianite, 41.

Lyell, Sir C., 183, 188, 224, 267.

Lynton slates, 63, 230.

Mackintosh, D., xxviii., 29. 36, 46,
140, 275. 322, 323.

Magnesian limestone, 52. 84, 146,
205, 306. 319.

Malm rock. 101, 260. 288.

Malvern shales, 115, 293.

Mammaliferous crag, 189.

Mammatt. E., 151.

Mantell, G. A., 105, 263.

Maps, list of geological, xxvi.

Marl slate, 84, 205.

Marlstone, 96, 159, 194, 165, 213, 218.
235. 273, 297.

Marr, J. E., 276.

Marshall, J. G., 276.

Martin, R. F., 46.

Maskelyne. Prof. N. S., 291.

Mather & Platt, Messrs., 147. 187.

Maw, G., 29, 221.

May Hill sandstone. 294 (see Llan-
dovery (upper) beds).

M'Coy. Prof. F., 39.

Mello, Rev. J. M., 55.

Menevian beds. 325, 336.

Mesozoic rocks, xvii.

Metamorphic rocks, v, 50.

Miall, L. C., 272,311,317.

Mica, iii.

Mica trap. 279.

Microlestes, 234.

Midford sands, 97, 235, 284, 308.

Middle Glacial beds. 26. 89. 255.

Middle Glacial gravels. 123 148. 160.
174, 190.

Middle Glacial sands. 36.

MIDDLESEX. 171.

Millepore bed. 301.

Miller, H., 199.

Millstone grit, 31. 52, 57. 65, 81, 82,
95. !43, 153, i So, 203. 225, 231,
243, 270,. 280. 305, 314, 330. 339.

Mineralogical Society, xxii.

Minerals, ii.

Miuette, 279.

Miocene formation, 67.

Mitchell, Dr. J., I, 125, 183.

Mitchell, W., 105.

Model of London, 172.

MONMOUTHSHIRE, 178.

Moore, C., xxvii., 228, 233, 235, 287,

334, 335, 34i-
Morris, Prof. J., 163, 221. 292, 295.



INDEX.



Morte slates, 63, 230.

Mortimer, K., 298, 302.

Morton, Gf. H.. 30, 140.

Mountain limestone (see carboni-
ferous limestone).

Munford, Rev. Gr., 184.

Murchison, Sir E. I., 45, 114. 118,
223, 224, 226, 275, 317, 323.

Murchisonite, 66.

McMurtrie, J., 232.

Muschelkalk, 234, 295.

Neocomian formation, 76, loo, 106,
130, 168, 186, 259, 265, 287, 301.

Neolithic age (see Prehistoric Man).

Newcastle, Duke of, 208

New Red sandstone (nee Trias).

Newton, Prof. A., 192.

Newton, E. T., 184.

Nicholson, Prof. H. A.. 45.

Nicolls, W. T., 99.

NORFOLK, 183.

Northampton sand, 15, 125, 159, 166,
195, 213, 218, 273, 301.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, 193.

NORTH RIDING, 304.

NORTHUMBERLAND, 199.

Norton, H., 184.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, 207.

Norwich crag, 189, 255.

Norwood, Rev. T. W., 300.

Oldhaven beds, 88, 133, 261.

Old Red sandstone, 63, 94, 117, 142,
179, 225, 229, 294, 329, 338.

Oligocene formation, 103, 112.

Oolite, i, 73, 97, 125, 159, 166, 186,
194, 213, 218, 235, 264, 273, 284,

301, 307.
Ooze, 302.

Ormerod, G. W., 29.
Ormerod, W. GK, 62.
Osborne beds, in.
Outcrop, ix.

Outliers. 104, 123, 159, 175, 227, 339.
Owen, Prof. R., 213, 253, 267, 287.
Oxford Clay, 2, 8, 1 6, 22, 74, 97, 126,

168, 197, 214, 237, 285,301,309.
OXFORDSHIRE, 212.
Painter, Rev. W. H., 55.
Palaeolithic age (see Prehistoric Man).
Palaeontology, xiii.
Palaeontographical Society, xxii.
Palaeozoic rocks, xvii.
Papers, list of, xxvii.
Parker, "W. K., 55.
Passage beds, 226.
Pattison, S. R., 37.
Peach, C. W., 37, 39.
Pearce, J. C., 286.
Peat, 27, 128, 105, 169, 206.



Pebidian formation, 324, 336.

Penarth beds, 96, 234

Pengelly, W., 37, 62, 70.

Pennant grit, 185, 232, 340.

Pennine Chain, origin of, 147.

Pennine Fault, 51.

Penning, "W". H., xxviii., 20, 86, 124.

Pennington, R., 55.
' Perkins, C. H., 335.

Permian formation, 52, 54, 84, 96.
146, 155, 204, 208, 226, 233, 246,
271, 280, 295, 306, 317, 330.

Peyton, J. E. H., 264.

Phillips, J. A., xxviii., 38, 323.

Phillips, Prof. J., 61, 71, 212, 228,
284, 299, 300, 304, 308, 311, 313,

3I4-

Phosphorite, 327.

Phonolite, 41.

Pickwell Down beds, 63, 230

Pilton beds, 64.

Pine raft, 107.

Pipe-clay, 79.

Plastic clay (See Woolwich & Reading